Flores tribe.

Flores tribes are ethnic mix between Malay, Melanesian, and Portuguese. Due to ever be a Portuguese colony, then the interaction with the Portuguese culture is very pronounced in Flores culture, either through genetic, Religion, and Culture.

Traditional House. 

The concept of traditional house Flotim always regarded as the center of tribal rituals. Custom home to be a place to honor Lera Wulan Tana Ekan (supreme being who created the earth and the owner).
Custom home or sa'o real fun is not just a place to stay, but both have very deep philosophical meaning. Sa'o custom home is a fun place to live and interact Lio communities because life is in principle the balance between man and man, as well as the balance between man and the universe, which is the Creator of human life equilirium. The traditional house is not just a place to stay a family member, but also the "gathering" aesthetic values, religious, and cultural norms. Every detail of the traditional house always contains the philosophy and reflection of wise behavior Lio tribe.

Custom Clothes Custom Weapons. 

One member explained the custom house, the customary rites oath to condemn the perpetrators who took ivory, especially those who have entered into a customary home. "If there is among the members of the tribe who stole the ivory, or at least know or work with other parties to pick it up, then he will get a damned or disaster,"

Civil War tradition Lio (Central Flores). 

War is a legal state which allows two or more group of people who perform equal arms dispute with various tactics, techniques, strategy properly. Since centuries ago, tribal war Lio recognize the word as 'Guta'. Guta, in the language of Lio usually always synonymous with 'Wika'. Wika is the definition of the action (de facto) to expand the region (expansion) through a war (Guta) and of course a jurisdiction recognized by the community itself.
As a tribe which has the largest population of the Island of Flores, Lio tribe, certainly recorded important events related to the war (Guta).

War (Guta) can be categorized; 

First; 

War to defend the territorial integrity or termed 'Pi Singi rete Ra'i'. Pi sing rete Ra'i is disputed weapons retain customary rights of each party in accordance absolute limits. Example: War of Woloare Rapo Oja and Marilonga of Watunggere against Dutch colonial ground Lio 1907, 1916 watuapi War Rea ground.

Second; 

War for expansion (Wika) is the process of expansion of new areas. This war is only internal rate of each well within the alliance itself and the ground Lio other tribes.
According to sources, before doing sengeta weapon (War), Lio general public is always consulted and prepare a variety of important points before going down to the battlefield.

Preparations, among others; 

1. Pi Singi Ra'i rete; 

It should be underlined also, in a general perspective of society Lio, pi sing Ra'i rete can also be defined as a form of moral humiliation, dignity, sovereignty related to a group (clan) so that at times of war can emerge not always based on territorial dispute . In the past, when there was a moral insult or interruption border region (usually marked with mase, memorial stones, etc.) from outside parties, Lio people who live in one communion usually always negotiate with the parties through traditional leaders appointed spokesperson as well as a mediator in order to find the best solution to all the problems that arise. However, if the process of mediation and negotiation deadlock, it is not possible in the not too distant future wars will be raged and raged in the community. By it, the entire indigenous elders different between the two alliances was gathered in each of the deliberation plan for the next process.

2. Wari aro ana; 

Address pi is the continuation of the rete Singi Ra'i to prepare all the equipment at the same time war strategy carefully planned to be used in the war. Same is the case with international weapons dispute, the pattern of strategy use Lio tribal wars were always fought by the code of ethics or the law of war is a known trend. In Lio customary law, it should be upheld in order to show respect to the enemy fighter, so, victory or defeat is received decent fighters wisely acknowledged its existence.

3. So boka au; 

Is the inaugural oath by the soldiers who will fight on the field of action. This of course must be done in order to maintain the loyalty of the soldier in order to really dedicate yourself to the clan itself. The oath is usually interspersed with blood drinking ritual animal sacrifice, or eating the liver of sacrificial animals are still raw. This process must be passed by a soldier so no doubt the loyalty of the soldier by the leader. In connection with this process, the soldiers also had to do the cleaning yourself by making a confession of sins is done. Goal, so the soldiers, must be completely holy before competing for the safety of the soldiers themselves.

4. Holders Nipi; 

After going through some of the earlier stages, hereafter, Ata Nipi (the dreamer) who believed his ability was called to determine the best based on the instructions / dream before going to war. In addition, the dreamer can also specify according to figures eyesight decent fighters advanced into battle. It is inevitable, such a process is also often found in the annals of the ancient kingdoms of the world. It can be said, a victory was not absolutely rely on soldiers only, but also through other public participation although not directly involved in the war.

5. No'o nai ra-tangi tangi; 

Is a statement of the family of the fighters to give up their family members go to war, so that if soldiers lost their lives, the family must be responsible for each fighter. That is, the responsibility does not need to be charged to the traditional leaders.

6. To'o no'o Telo, pare ko hago; 

Each respective relatives (based Wewa, ura aje etc.) are required to prepare and supply supplies for its fighters during the war. This is done in order to maintain food supplies so that these fighters do not starve during the fight.
When two or three days before departure, the fighters gathered to perform rituals heavenly lov it (Dance tandak), while the warlords went to the place where the offerings while carrying rice. Above the offerings, he sprinkled a few grains of Pu'u Pare Laka (sacred red rice) while saying suasasa;
Wisu ru'e sai ka lulu, du'a Bapu, - O Eat spirits in wisu lulu, ancestors
Heda, lov, Nitu pa'i - The spirits in Heda, lov, and ancestral spirits
We leja ina Tebo theme, Lo moda - Today we come together and intact
Papa doga repa sala. - Should we be invulnerable, and the bullet did not pierce us.
Ripi nidi, hoba lombu. - Should we cover the foliage.
We'e ogo ma'e goro - May the branches and twigs do not drag us.
Nga'a ma'e bheti - Trees and injured is not about us.
Neku Riwu ngasu - Expand our
Neku Guta bo roa - We will bring the victim after the eruption of peace (war)
Mom ate kuwi roe no'o are wawi - We will present the rice and pork liver
Eyes pa'a kai, kai pa'a Neka! - Should the enemy fall and get hurt!
According to the dogma espoused Lio tribal society, when fighting, the fighters must comply with prohibitions (laws) are defined custom;
1. Ma'e the careless sheep - Do not cross the steep pathways (That is not to cheat)
2. Ma'e leta careless fata - Do menjejakan foot on a dead tree trunk (That is, do not cut across or step on a lifeless victim)
3. Ma'e five repa - Do not rob / loot (Nick) any small item from the enemy.
4. Ma'e iju jars, k / hinga ndara - Do not be tempted to women when
5. war rages.
These restrictions meant that the fighters really show respect and patriotnya to his soul in order to avoid the threat of mystical or called karma.
After all met, then the fighters had went to war and fought with the parties. As already known, the war always leaves sacrifice either lost or won. Lost in the fight for tribal communities Lio is a consequence of their failure to manage the strategy, tactics and combat techniques. Whereas if you win, a big success in the list of historical struggle. Typically, when a victory, Lio tribal community has always set new frontier in accordance with the captured territory.
Determination of the boundary do with a procession of 'Ritual mopo'. Mopo is one of the most sacred rituals in the traditional order Lio. Mopo symbols are marked with offerings of chicken blood, chicken eggs and buffalo heads (Holo Kamba) at the memorial stone (mase) boundaries. After the release of the offerings on the stone monument, customary leaders and warlords say 'pie suasasa Nitu' (phrase request on spirits) intended to summon the spirits that dwell in the rock, water, hills, trees, memorial stones and other sea- another to gather and eat the offerings are presented. This is done of course with the hope to protect themselves to avoid the dangers and temptations of fortune and was awarded abundant in soil (residence) are cool and comfortable.

7. Gare godo; 

Tana mi ndena Watu this is the last stage of all the circuit above. Here talked about the division of the territories that had taken to the fighters who are still alive or already dead on the battlefield by clan leaders. For those who died on the battlefield, divided by the number of victims at once calculated the number of material issued by the family during the war. Distributable property such as land was called 'Shop tuka'. To the memory traces pinned fighters also a symbol 'for Boge' which can still be found up to now in the region such as the ritual Lio 'Wake Male', or other rituals.
It seems now almost ritual war can not be found anymore because war is no longer blazing along with the unification of the territories in the archipelago is characterized by the moments of Indonesian independence which changed the way the public. Nevertheless, this should be learned and retained so that it can be a very valuable heritage. It was this tradition of historical value that contain very neatly packed through extraordinary thinking wise. As the generation of a good and loving wisdom of their ancestors, duly oblige themselves to preserve this unique tradition, that is not extinct as its running time increasing the modern world. Cultural diversity is the hallmark of a variety of identity as a reflection of the local community itself.

SOCIAL SYSTEM. 

In a society sub-tribes in the ancient flores there is an ancient social strafikasi system, which consists of three layers. The basis of the coating is a descendant of the clans are considered to have a nature or principle senioritet authenticity. Usually there are three social layers. In the example there are 4 Manggarai
Kraeng the layers, layers and layers of people ata ehe slaves. In the example, there are layers of people Ngada meze gae, gae the lining layer of the purse and also a slave (azi ana).
Kraeng layer and gae meze, is a layer of nobles who are specifically divided in several sub-layers, depending on the nature of the authenticity of certain clans, which are considered historically or by mitodologi tales, has occupied a certain area in advance of the clan -another clan. Similarly, residents of the ruling clans in Dalu-Dalu or glaring-glarang, the Manggarai people, including Kraeng layer.
Ata layer Leke and gae purse is a layer of ordinary people, not the descendant of the senior people. Ata Leke people usually work as farmers, artisans or merchants, although many of the nobles there also in everyday life as well just be alone. Slave layer, which is now of course no longer exists.

TRADITIONAL CEREMONY. 

Traditional ceremony in the East Nusa Tenggara region is very diverse where each tribe had their own way, the traditional ceremony consisted of a marriage ceremony, a ceremony to welcome the harvest, rain calling ceremonies and others.

1. Birth ceremony. 

During pregnancy births in Tetum, a ceremony which aims to keep the mother healthy and not considered an evil spirit called Keti ceremony Numbness Methane (tying with rope yarn Kitan). At the birth, TBAs play an important role in the event there are two important ceremony is the maintenance of the placenta and baby naming.

2. Towards the adult ceremony. 

After Adolescence child adulthood usually held a series of ceremonies that shaving hair in childhood and circumcision for men and for women cutting teeth commonly called Koa Ngll. Koa Ngll a mass tooth filing ceremony for girls entering their teens. This ceremony signifies the girls who have been following this ceremony has grown and allowed to groom to build a home.

3. Marriage ceremony. 

Some of the traditional wedding ceremony of several areas, among others;

a) Women and Marriage in East Fores. 

The lives of women in very high Lamaholot customs value. The woman is the center of community life as it should be noticed by surrounding it. The value of a woman's dowry adjusted on the number and size of elephant ivory is difficult to obtain

b) Women and Customary Marriage in Sikka. 

Marital affairs between men and women are ties that can not be released. The integral relationship depicted in the expression Ea Daa Ribang, Nopok, Tinu DAA coli Tokar (kin linkages between the two sides will be allowed to continue to give and receive up to the heredity.
Norms governing marriage in the language of customary law
Naruk called two - moang kleteng background and high cultural values.

c) Marriage Ngada Indigenous Peoples. 

Marriage in the district Ngada shaped patriachat (Nagekeo, Soa, and Ask this, some people Ngada in Todabelu). This is done without belis marriage, the entire wedding cost ditaggung by the woman's family, the pattern of post-marital settlement was at home because the woman who will inherit assets klennya, especially if a single daughter.
Patriachat marriage is always preceded by making a proposal bere tere / nio manu / idi weti, go ask. Sign ask performed by male clan accompanied his aunt to bring a place or a nut siri oka leadership. This event is usually done when a party reba, WITU ulcer. If the conducting leadership oka rejected by clan woman means her application was rejected. The whole series of events called the proposal Beret ere oka pale, bheku mebhu tana Tigi, old idi manu.

d) The marriage of Indigenous Peoples Manggarai. 

Broadly speaking, in Manggarai known several types of marriage among others;
1. Marriage between social coating the top level based on the agreement of parents to resume power. The magnitude belis not a symbol but awards pemabayaran woman to woman's parents who had raised him.
2. Marriage intermediate coating, usually decided by the young people themselves without the (sometimes) follow include parents in the selection of a mate.
3. Salang furnace marriage, marriage happens because it has a relationship virgin instance of a boy's aunt was married to the daughter of om
4. Marriage when the furnace is a type of marriage that do not
based on your relationship.
Mating successive mat switch mating type mat is sororat and levirat.

Death ceremony. 

Ceremony of Death According to their belief death is the shift of the world crowded kekehidupan unseen. For the death of a party dish sacrificed tens of cows, buffaloes and pigs series of ceremonies includes several stages: Indigenous wailing, the crying upfront corpses carried out by women. Indigenous eat the corpse, eat the corpse that for several days before burial. Taking care of the corpse, the corpse is washed before burial first, then given good clothes or oversized clothes. Funeral ceremony, place near the house, for men and women in the west on the east side. After the burial ceremony, the evening held a massive party by sounding the sounds and dances.

Construction of House ceremony. 

In carrying out the construction of custom homes, first time will be discussion led by traditional elders to get the deal. The day before the ceremony began construction of homes, communities solemnize Maalaba namely respect for elders who would later play a role in the development process. The ceremony was followed by a meal together. In the ceremony prepared first offerings consisting of bananas, sugar cane, and a young pig. Furthermore, piglets being stabbed with sharp objects and blood is collected in a container. The blood was then sprinkled the parts of the house so that the spirits of the ancestors to bless the construction and cast out evil spirits. Piglets then slaughtered and their parts given to the elders to be examined whether there may be signs of whether or not the construction of homes passed.
After being allowed, then the piglets skinned, cooked by fire. The ceremony was followed by a meal together while drinking wine. In prayer together, they hope to get the blessing and guidance in order to succeed in building their homes. In a more miniaturized form, or ngadu bhaga symbol can be seen on the roof of the house with the status of "custom home".

Closing Ceremony of the Month of Mary. 

In this ceremony looks paraded a statue of the Virgin Mary on a small boat which carried four people accompanied by the recitation of the Rosary and typical dances Flores towards the church. Before entering the church, the procession paused in each district, as the district of East Flores, Ende, Bajawa, Manggarai, and Maumere. It is a symbol of God's people are united by the intermediary of Our Lady. This as usual procession of Catholics in the province.
Once placed on the altar, a statue of the Virgin Mary received their last respects. Request from ethnically diverse representatives presented as a form of unity in Unity. Maria is usually celebrated every month of October. At the beginning and end of the ceremony usually held each month of Mary by Catholics around the world. Based on the tradition of the church, the month is devoted to honoring Mary.

Ceremony in Death. 

The ceremony was conducted in the village of Pestilence relating to celebrate the completion of a new custom home that also shape inspired by a spider's web. This celebration is enlivened with art game called Caci, where the two men will face each other, with guns a whip of buffalo skin will try to hit an opponent who will survive with
fend off the skin using a shield and a rattan cane.
The blow is only allowed once and then change position, the batter will be changed to the opposite party and survive, the man who had survived now holding a leather whip. The lashes rarely wore because shrewdness parry, but once hit, enough participants to make the skin torn. The game was followed by a second group of players who alternately perform advanced to the arena.

Iyegerek ceremony. 

Entire village, known as the whalers are tough, choosing sperm as prey. Hunted whales, according to custom, was distributed to a number of residents. Especially to the landlords, lamafa (interpreter stab), custom homes, matros (the crew), and the boat owner. The journey continues to the sea. Four people wearing the crown of leaves turi throw themselves into the sea, as a ritual summon fish. While two people waiting on the beach lance holders. The ceremony ended when four of the orders yet from the sea.
After iyegerek ceremony, they held a Mass spirits in the afternoon. During the celebration of Mass spirits, fishermen go to sea abstinence. After a series of events, the Mass concluded with a special prayer for the spirits. Lamalera society believe, if their bodies are not addressed then lost his spirit will be angry.

Takung. 

Takung (offerings), the ceremonial offerings of sacrificial animals to the ground to show the guardian spirits of the victims. Besides asking the victim to show her spirits so that they can be buried according to custom. The ceremony was conducted with indigenous goat slaughter

Mendong Giit ceremony. 

Core traditional ceremony which is often carried out in every celebration of the community in Sikka district, which requested the presence of the ancestors to bless the people of Sikka done any celebration.

Megalithic traditions in Flores. 

Flores Island is composed of various ethnic groups, has a rich history and high culture. This area became the object of research of interest to the ethnologist and archaeologist. Flores Island and small islands around it starting from the west end to the east end of LEGACY-relic containing both material and intangible cultural values ​​rooted traditions since ancient times.
One tradition is still deeply rooted and stand out in the behavior of the system is the everyday culture of megalithic tradition in several sub ethnic Flores. For example, the tradition of establishing and maintaining buildings for worship ancestral spirits. In the book, "A Variety of Cultural Khasanah IV" issued by the Director General of Higher Education wrote in 2000 that the tradition of megalithic construction of the building as a tribute equivalent (cult) on the ancestors and his spirit started since about 2500-3000 years ago and some of them are still going on until now.
The impact of the establishment of megalithic monuments tradition that was so extensive megalithic tradition includes aspects of symbolism, the views of the cosmos (the universe), the origin of human events, animals and so on. Rites and spells, as well as a variety of media to express physical symbols in togetherness.
Megalithic tradition that developed in the early appearance of Flores Island, looks at the remains of such design custom homes and monuments worship of ancestral spirits, including the decoration of art. It appears also in the worship ceremony, including a procession of prayer mantra, clothing, artists, sound art and dance and ceremonial vessels and so on.
Megalithic tradition looked at spatial, function, construction and building structures. Not to forget the life cycle ceremonies from birth, initiation, marriage and settling patterns after marriage and death, burial and mourning. Of course also deals with ceremonies to seek livelihood, such as land clearing, seeding, harvesting, hunting, metal processing and so on, as well as the manufacture of pottery objects, weaving and weapons.

Nyale. 

Wanukaka society which organizes this nyale in early March, has conducted various rituals of long ago. One was conducted in each house, the night before Nyale.
Cut the chicken and make a diamond, one of the rituals that must be implemented Wanukaka society. As in one of the houses of Kampung this Bewi Ubu. Because this ritual is closely related to the activities Pasola. As a sign, to see the good and the bad fate of a person who will participate in Pasola.
The leader of customary or rato see the processed chicken and diamond. If the roast chicken still oozing blood from the intestines, and a diamond that has been cooked, no red, or brown, it is believed this is a bad sign. Namely family members who participated Pasola, will receive hazards, such as sustained injuries, or even death.
As the night wore on, the rato of Interest Bewi Ubu, in charge of observing the appearance of the full moon, soon getting ready to wear oversized clothes rato. Or in a language called Rowa Wanukaka rato, to pray over the grave stones, facing the full moon. By facing the full moon, the rato to ensure the accuracy and position of the moon, as well as the state of the ocean waves on the beach. From there it's time to be decided nyale. Once nyale or marine worms already seen, all the people who had gathered since early morning, start the hunt. Turns catch nyale not as difficult as imagined. No need to bother to look it up to a bit part in the sea. Quite on the edge of the course, we've been able to find a set nyale.
Indeed nyale a core event, from a series of traditional ceremonies performed in Pasola society. Nyale presence, to be celebrated in the form of celebration, the attraction Pasola. For Wanukaka agrarian society like this, the arrival Nyale also closely linked, with yields in their area. The more nyale that appears, the greater the possibility of crop yields would also work well.
The origin and existence nyale Pasola Waiwuang stems from folklore. It is said that thousands of years ago there lived three brothers from the village Waiwuang. They went to sea for months. Because not go home, one of their wives married to another man. It turns out that the three men back and see the reality, the wife of one of the men was married to someone else. They had felt humiliated, yet finally finished peacefully. With a number of requirements including a husband and his new wife, should provide a pack nyale life.
On the basis of this saga, the citizens held a month each year ending nyale Pasola party. Funny thing is, not all people know why there nyale. Especially the younger generation. For them, it is time to have fun. A distraction from the daily routine.
After nyale disappeared from the coast, the hunt was over. The men came riding to the beach. They will do Pasola. This is not a core Pasola. Only lasted no more than 2 hours, this Pasola sort of warm-up to the actual attraction. Pasola, vast field.

Pasola. 

Pasola derived from the word 'sola' or `hola ', meaning a type of wood used for javelin throwing from the top of a horse that is being driven faster by two opposing groups. After receiving affixes `pa '(pa-sola, pa-hola), it means to be a game. So Pasola or pahola means arcade game javelin throwing wood on the backs of horses being driven tight between the two opposing groups. Pasola implemented in a broad expanse of desert, witnessed by all citizens and Paraingu kabisu of two groups that competed and to the general public.
While the game is male participants select a duel of two Kabius who must master two skills at the same time spurring the horse and javelin throw (hola). Pasola usually the climax of the entire series of events in order nyale party.

Etu. 

Etu is an ethnic designation Nagekeo / Sagi is the designation of the tribe Ngadha an attraction with displays of traditional boxing champions from each village to try his strength and agility of each participant. This attraction takes place in an arena that is made in the middle of the village. Three days before the match held traditional rituals for strength for boxing participants.

Toalako. 

Toalako is an event held in the summer with the attraction capability pets are dogs and horses and hunting equipment (eg spear / tube and bhou) in capturing prey are: deer and wild boar (wild boar). The catch is eaten together at the location (workshops) that has been provided by each tribe.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/flores-tribe.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 21:33

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Tag : Flores tribe.

Interesting Facts About Iran.

* In the Persian language, the term Iran has the meaning "Land of the Aryans".
* In 2002, Iran's police chief announced that Google is intelligence tools. The Iranian government also wants to create a "national Internet" that is supervised by the state.
* In Iran, couples who want to request a marriage license is required to listen to an hour briefing about contraception.
* The capital of Iran and the largest city in Iran, Tehran, has the worst air pollution levels in the world. There are an estimated 27 people die every day as a result of air pollution that cause disease.

* Iran first joined the Olympics was in 1948 and send athletes-athletes to every Summer Olympics since then, except in 1980 and 1984. Iran also participated in the Winter Olympics in 1956.
* Approximately 14.2% of people are obese Iran, making Iran as ranked 41st in the world obesity. Residents of American Samoa is the most 75% of the population suffer from obesity. America was ranked 6th in the world, with 33.9% of the population are obese.
* The official name of Iran is the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran became a republic of Iran in 1979 when the monarchy fell and religious leaders take political power under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini.
* Iranian state flag for the current use since 1980 and has three equal horizontal bands of green, white, and red. Green is the color of Islam and symbolizes growth, honesty and peace menyimbulkan white, and red symbolizes courage and martyrdom. In the middle of the white band the words "God" and reading La Ilaha Illa Allah (there is no god but Allah) with a tulip shape. Among the edges in green and red ribbons there are 22 posts of Allah Akbar (God is great).
* In 1953, the CIA engaged in a secret operation coded Operation Ajax to overthrow Masaddegh, the Iranian government is democratically elected. Then Shah pays America with 40% in the Iranian oil industry. When the Iranian people know the role of America, they are not going to believe again to America for the following years.
* In 1979 a group of Islamic students and militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran. In support of the Iranian revolution, they demanded that the U.S. turn over the Shah Pahlavi, who died from cancer and medical care in America. After 444 days, just one minute after president Ronald Reagan sworn in kantonya say, the hostages were released.

* During the Iran-Iraq war, America officially support Iraq and to press other countries to stop selling arms to Iran. But then America itself secretly selling arms to Iran. American actions into the scandal called Iran-gate, or the Iran-Contra scandal.
* Nearly half of Iran's hot desert climate. Iran received less than 4 inches of rain each year.
* There is only one river in Iran, the Karun river, which can be crossed by boat and only for short distances.

* Persian Gulf holds 60% of world oil reserves. Iran has oil reserves of 125 billion barrels, or 10% of total world oil reserves. Iran siphoning nearly 4 million barrels of oil each day.
* Iran controls 50% of the Caspian Sea caviar market. Price of fish eggs could reach $ 160 per ounce. Beluga sturgeon swim in the lake at the time of the dinosaurs and sturgeon can live up to 100 years and are now extinct. Environmentalists claim that a complete ban on fish eggs will help these ancient animals.
* Iran is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, which has been around since 4000 BC.

* Approximately 70% of Iran's population under the age of 30 years.
* After the Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979, Iran back to the Islamic legal system. The woman is legally mentally and legally not considered equal to men. Children are considered as "men of substance" and just born by a woman's body. In the case of divorce, the woman lost all custody of her child.
* Many young girls in Iran get married after menstruation.
* In Iran, a young girl who works as an aide often required to submit medical documents to determine whether her hymen is still intact. In Iran, men who are not married would stay with family who gave birth and is regarded as a na-mard (not men).
* Organization of Iran offers $ 3 million prize for anyone who could kill Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses. The book illustrates that the Quranic verses that may not truly revelation of God and the devil disguises himself to give false ideas to the Prophet Muhammad.
* Since ancient times, people have used Iranian water supply system called Qanat (or Kanat). How the system works by collecting the water and move it through the underground tunnel to the place where the people need it.

* Most homes in Iran do not have a table and chairs. Iranian people prefer to sit on a pillow on the floor to enjoy the food.
* The Iranian nation has been weaving rugs for over 2500 years. When creating a tapestry, the Iranian weavers often deliberately make mistakes. They would like to express his belief that "only God is perfect". After oil, Iran's second largest export commodity is carpet.
* The capital of Iran is Tehran, which has the meaning of "hot slope" and nearly 12 million people live there.
* If a girl in Iran getting abuse and sexual harassment, then the error imposed on the girl's mother, because he could not keep his daughter, rather than imposed on violators.
* If there is a woman who is raped in Iran, then the police power to force her to marry him, with or without the consent of the woman is raped, although she can be divorced soon after marriage. In Iran, the divorced women preferred to marry than women who do not marry because her hymen was broken.
* In Iran, there is no legal category for domestic violence because a woman is her husband's wealth. If there are signs of abuse, the male members of her family could threaten her husband, and it is not the task of the police.
* American magazine such as Playboy and Penthouse are widely available and often there in the houses during the Shah's regime. Although Khomeini prohibit pornography and nude images gamar, but there is still a pornographic media. In 1993, Iran's parliament approved a law which states that "the main organizer" of pornography will face the death penalty.
* In Iran, women over the age of nine years of compulsory wearing of the hijab in public spaces. The law does not allow women to wear religious clothing in the bath if there are men.
* Famous figures who bleed Iranian-Americans include Dara Khosrowshahi, president CEO of Expedia Inc.; Omir Kordestani, senior president of the founders of Google; Isaac Larian, an entrepreneur Bratz dolls; David Merage, an entrepreneur Hot Pocket; Piere Omidyar, founder of eBay; Christiane Amanpour, a news presenter, and Matta Ghaffari, an Olympic silver medalist.

* FIFA banned the hijab in 2007, which banned the Iranian women's football team to play in the qualifying round of the 2012 Olympics.
Persian Cats are the oldest in the world. This cat comes from the Iranian plateau where the soft long fur to protect them from the cold. Italian traders brought these cats to Europe in the 17th century, in which the Persian cat become a status symbol remarkable.
* Medes is derived from Aryan tribe and the first time unites Iran in the 6th century BC. One tribe, the Magi, is a very strong Zoroastrian priest. The most famous Magi Three Wise Man from the Christian nativity story who brought gifts to the newborn Christ. Italian explorers 13th century, Marco Polo claimed to have visited the tomb of the three Wise Men are in the area now known as Tehran, capital of Iran.

* The U.S. State Department called Iran along with the Democratic Republic of Congo, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia as a center for human trafficking. The Iranian government lack of effort to prevent sexual trafficking. Women are sold frequently tortured and put to death for violating Iran's standard of manners rather than punishing people who commit trafficking.
* Iran has experienced the highest urban growth rate in the world, jumped from 27% to 60% between 1950 and 2002. By 2030, 80% of the population will be city.
* In recent years, child prostitution in Iran increased by 635%. In Tehran alone an estimated 84,000 women and girls fall in the world of prostitution. Thousands of women sold to France, Germany, and England.
* Sigheh, or brief marriage allowed under Sharia law in some Shiite sect. They can be married for an hour or a few years depending on the deal. Some times they are used to meet the satisfaction of traveling men who visited the holy places that are far from their families.
* Iran is becoming a major travel route for crossing vessel heorin carrier Southwest Asia to Europe. More than 3600 people were killed in Iran 25 years ago because the war with smugglers heorin.
* Although homosexuality is banned in Iran, but the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini decided that the people were allowed hermaphrodite sex change operations in Iran. Since 2008, Iran initiated more sex change operations than any other country in the world and become the second country after Thailand. The government even gave financial assistance.
* Iran nicknamed "nose job capital of the world", such as the Western nose is a nose shape that is desired by young women of Iran.
* Iran is a manufacturer of fish eggs, pistachios, and saffron the world's largest.
* The chief figure of the famous Gospel hidden in Iran is Esther, Daniel, Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, and St.. Thaddaeus.
* Iran is the only country that has a condom factory in the Middle East.
* Iran has one million more refugees, more than any other country in the world. Most refugees are from Afghanistan or Iraqi Kurds. As a result, Iran gained a lot of labor with low wages.
* Iran has to have the highest rate of opium addiction in the world.
* Because traditional Iranian wedding was very expensive, the government will finance mass weddings to reduce costs and mendorongkaum Iranian youth to get married.
* In 2007, Iran produced the largest handmade carpet in the world for the mosque in the United Arab Emirates. The extent size of a football field.
* Polo is a game that has been played in Iran since the beginning of the 6th century BC, mainly as training for cavalry.
* Iran is the 18th largest country in the world, with a total area of ​​1,648,195 km. Slightly smaller than Alaska.
* In 2003, Iran claimed that it had been 18 years he runs the nuclear program clandestinely by getting help from Russia. President Ahmadinejad says its nuclear ambitions are for peaceful purposes, and Iran has an "inalienable right" to produce nuclear fuel.

* The poem got glorious position in the Iranian culture. All the people of Iran can recite lines of poetry of famous Persian poetry, such as the famous poem entitled Iran poem Shahnameh or The King.
* Monument Shah-en-Shah founded in 1971 to commemorate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian emperor. The name was changed into Azadi monument, which means "freedom" of the Farsi language.
* Law of Iran ordered the woman to be a housewife. If they want to work outside the home, they got permission from her husband. The government also separate schools by sex, and at the college level, there are several courses that may not be learned by women. On a city bus between men and women there are dividing, and women should not leave the house except with her husband or his family members. But unlike the women of Saudi Arabia, the Iranian women can drive and give the right to vote in elections.
* The first day of spring in Iran held a party. Women preparing for a big dinner party and the mothers gave a hard boiled egg to each child to eat. According to Persian ritual, tables laid out along with seven objects, each of which begins with the letter "s" in the Farsi language, such as sib (apple), sabze (green grass), serkey (vinegar), senjed (berry fruits), samanoo ( milled wheat), sekke (gold), and sir (garlic).
* Women in Iran following the rules of glutinous dress called hijab. Penalties for violating it is whipped, though not always done consistently.
* Polygamy in Iran is perfectly legal, and men can have up to four wives. If you are married, a woman can no longer attend school. Marriage age woman is now 13 years old, from the original 9 years after the Revolution. Boys can marry at age 15, the legal age in Iran to be able to give the right to vote in elections.
* Persian culture was famous for his poems are beautiful, luxurious tapestries and lush gardens. Apparently, the English term "garden" is derived from the Persian term meaning "closed garden".
* The most popular sports in Iran is football. The national team has won the Asian Cup three times and played in three finals Word Cup competition.
* Persian language most widely spoken in Iran (61%) followed by Azeri language (16%), Kurdish (10%), language Lur (6%), Baloch language (2%), Arabic (2%), tribal languages Turkmen and Turkic (2%) and other languages ​​(1%).
* Islam is the majority religion of Iran (98%): 89% Shia and Sunni 9%. And the rest of the religion Zoroastrianism, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i (2%).
* Iranian population in 2012 was 78,868,711, making Iran the 18th highest population in the world
* An earthquake in December 2003 has hit the southeastern Iranian city, the city of Bam, killing more than 30,000 people.
* In Iran, yogurt called "Milk Persia", and many Iranians regard as a miraculous food yogurt. Yogurt is used to treat ulcers, restore the skin due to sun exposure, and even to prolong life. Many people use yogurt as a face mask.
IMPORTANT YEARS HISTORY OF IRAN
 2000 BC            Central Asia migrated to Iran
530-330 BC       Cyrus the Great founded the Persian empire
330 BC              Alexander the Great conquered Persia
323 BC              Alexander died and one of his generals to form a Seleucid                                     Dynasty
250 BC             The invaders Parthian empire build Partian (or Arcasid)
224 AD             Sassanid Persian empire established the second
637 AD             Arabs invaded Persia and Islam became the state religion
1051-1220        Seljuk ruling.
1258                 Mongol invaders Khanid dynasty-II.  Mongol dynasty fell in and                              continued the succession of small dynasties.
1335                 Mongol dynasty fell and continued change of dynasty rulesmall                               dynasty

1501-1722       Safavid Persian Empire ruled the Third 

1796-1925       Qajar ruling
1926                Reza Khan established the Pahlavi dynasty
1935                Renamed Persia Iran
1941                British and Soviets invaded and deposed Reza Khan succeeded                             by his son.
1979                Islamic Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini to power
1980                Iran became the Islamic Republic Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988
                        Ayatollah Khomeini died in 1989
1997                Mohammad Khatami was elected president
2002                U.S. President George W. Bush labeled Islam as part of the  
                        "axis of evil"  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became president in 2005.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Interesting facts about India.

* Great India is the third country, but with a population of 1166079217 India, the second most populous country in the world has become. India, with an area of ​​1.27 million square miles, is the seventh largest in the world.
* India is the largest democracy in the world.
* Kumb Mela (festival jug or Court) held every 12 years in India is a major Hindu festival. In 2001, the largest collection in the world's 60 million people took part in the record-breaking. Satellite photographed from the air by a set of people.

Nil.

Many Indians use toilet paper in his left hand disgusting. As a result, the left hand is considered unclean and never used to eat.
* Elements (fire, earth, water, air) to prevent pollution, the followers of Zoroastrianism in India died, and not vultures for food "Towers of Silence", which has been called the corpse in building People do not have to bury. Shin bone after they are inserted into the well.
* Outside India Indian currency (rupee) carrying illegal.
* India 28 904 per year with a number of violations of Russia, which with 32 719 cases has led the world in terms of crime.
* The highest abortion rate in the world is India.
* More than one million Indians are millionaires, most Indians still live on less than two dollars per day. An estimated 35% of India's population lives below the poverty line.
* Cows can freely roam the streets of India. Cow Hindu symbol of luck, the former is considered holy and often set. Like a mother cow gives milk cow is regarded as one of the seven human mother.

Cows roaming the streets.

* Dance art in India is the most developed and all temple worship at the temple to be part of the union. This dance is full of special expressive hand gestures.
* Rabies is endemic in India. Also, "Delhi Belly" or diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is normal. In India
Most wives he considers unfair not to call her name loudly. He will call, when the wife as "G" or "look here" or "halo" or even with the father of your children will use the phone as much direct instruction.
* Widows in India are considered poor. In rural areas, the old woman "who had taken her husband" could be called a widow. Some conservative families, widows are not allowed to approach the newlyweds or go to social gatherings.
* India is the birthplace of the game of chess. The word "chess" elephant possibility, horses, chariots and soldiers "four forces" Sanskrit which means Chaturanga, comes from.
Saffron for courage and sacrifice, white for truth and peace, and faith, fertility, and for modesty Blue:
* Indian flag has horizontal bands of color. White ribbon badge in the center circle of the wheel, but India circular wheel space, freedom, Budddhis Dharma Chakra, or wheel of life gained.
* The Khajuraho temples famous for erotic sculptures and tourists in India is one of the most interesting performances. Scholars still sometimes mating of animals that includes the purpose of a clear illustration debate.

Khajuraho temples famous for erotic sculptures and tourists in India is one of the most interesting performances.

* Cotton is the oldest in the world spinning and weaving in India. Roman Emperor, they "wind weaving said that India would wear soft cotton. Mogul emperor" fabric "Morning Dew" woven fabric called running water
* Ancient and Medieval India, suttees widow woman sacrificing herself in her husband's funeral is common.
* Himalayas in northern India is a "residence", which means "ice" and Hima Alaya derived from Sanskrit. The extent of the Himalayas 1,500 miles long and 2.5 centimeters higher per year. Many ancient India the size of a mountain monastery stands like a hug.

Located in the northern Himalayas "residence", which means "ice" and Hima Alaya derived from Sanskrit.

* India red beans and peas, such as the world's largest producer of dry beans. India is the largest exporter of bananas in the world after Brazil.
The color of the fabric layers of social classes in India and is seen as an important signal. A woman he divided his hair with a comb, depending on the genre would be seen as a whore or saint.
* 1,50,000 post offices, India is the largest postal network in the world. However, it is surprising that only 30 miles in a letter within two weeks for delivery.
* In India, a person's ear, symbolizing repentance or integrity of the holding.
* Bengal tiger is the national animal of India. Bengal tigers everywhere in the beginning, but now fewer than 4,000 wild tigers left.
* India occupies a respectable position in the international world and in America. For example, Sun Microsystems (Vinod Khosla) Pentium chip (Vinod Dahm), Hotmail founder / producer (Sabir Bhatia), and General Manager of Hewlett-Packard / HP (Rajiv Gupta), the founder of the creator of all Indians.
* Macedonian Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), the first contact with the West brought to India is one of the important leaders. After his death, the relationship between Europe and the former Portuguese explorers, VACO da Gama (1460-1524) in 1498, Calicut, India, will not be restored until landing.
* The British, 1858-1947 British law last year (it is present in India since 1700, though). British influence Indian architecture, education, transportation, and politically visible. Many major famine in India in India is not with the laws of England.
* All major world religions are present in India. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India.
* Nearly 80% of India's population is Hindu. Islam is the largest minority in India and accounts for about 13% of the country's population. In fact, India, Indonesia and Pakistan, the third-largest Muslim population in the world.
* India ("dream town" known as) the world's largest film industry based in Mumbai. Bollywood letter B in Bombay, Mumbai is derived the name of the founder. Almost all the nuances of Bollywood film music.

Bollywood filmmaking.

* Mumbai (Bombay) in India's largest city with a population of 1.5 million is. In 1661, British engineers in the region united in all seven native Bombay roads that cross the swamp.
* Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), Mahatma, an ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, "great soul", which means the world is known as honor. He calmly liberate India from British rule and civil disobedience devoted his life based on his campaign. His birthday became a national holiday on October 2. He died in 1948.
* The lotus flower is considered sacred by Hindus and Buddhists. Baha'i House of Worship religion du Delhi that come with large marble 27 "petals" shaped like a lotus flower with "Lotus Temple" is known as.

Banyan or Indian fig tree is considered a symbol of immortality and many Indian myths and legends have been told.

* Banyan or Indian fig tree is considered a symbol of immortality and many Indian myths and legends have been told. Plants self-renewal is the national tree of India.

Shady trees.

* Marigold flowers are used as decorations at Hindu weddings and is a symbol of luck and happiness.
* India's official name is the Republic of India. The name "India", "river", which means in Sanskrit, the Indus, the Indus River comes from comes from. According to the official name of the legendary king of India in the epic Mahabharata, the Indian Sanskrit.
* Introduced by England, cricket is the most popular sport in India. Affordable considered a national sport, and in 1928, the Indian field hockey team won the Olympic gold medal proudly.
* In India, calculus, trigonometry, and made significant contributions to algebra. Decimal System 100 BC Found in India. The concept of zero as a number donated by India
* India's national fruit is common. India's national bird is the peacock, which was originally set for food.
* Historians first reported plastic surgery comes from the texts of ancient India Sanskrit agree.
* Indian languages ​​and English is the official language of India. The government also other languages ​​(Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu and Urdu) admits. In addition to these languages, approximately 1,652 dialects spoken in the country.
* Most herder groups in rural areas dependent on dairies and the largest milk producer in the world as a country making India.
* India as far as 19 million miles in the third largest road network in the world. India provides the world with 16 million employees, the largest railway networks in the real world is the second largest civilian transport.
* River in India in fairy tales and popular culture play an important role. Bring water to rivers and dry land worshiped as the god of the river. Especially bathing in the Ganges is to remove sins. Typical deployment of the ashes of a loved one is in the Ganges.
* Raziya Sulatana (1205-1240)), India's first female leader. He said he was killed before he ruled only three years, although it was considered a great leader.

Warlords.

Most Indians, foot scrubs, and face before eating. Using the right hand to the humble food, and women eat after everyone finished eating. Wasting food is a sin.
* India during the Vedic times, the horse became victims of the sovereignty of the king.
* Tomb of the traditional clothes of black, not white. Widows or unmarried women often colored wedding dress white designed to distinguish
The whole of India is using the time zone.
* India's Independence Day August 15, 1947, the country was divided into India and Pakistan. Division moved 1.27 million people and resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands to millions.
* Famous Indian writer Salman Rushdie for his book The God of Small Things (1997) with his novel The Satanic Verses (1988), the novel titled appropriate Boy (1993) with Vikram Seth and Arundhati Roy entitled.
Summer, autumn, winter, spring, summer wind, and the winter wind:
* India's six seasons.
* India is the world's largest producer of tea, and tea (tea) is the most popular beverage.
* Taj Mahal ("palace crowned"), beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal (1593 to 1631), the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1592 to 1666) was created by. Its construction is complicated because of the beauty of the architecture, "embroidery marble" is said. Taj Mahal 22,000 workers demonstrated for 22 years.

Taj Mahal ("palace crowned").

* The first and largest civilization in ancient India around 3000 - Indus (Pakistan) Valley BC Developed around. Called Indus Valley Civilization, any empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, the greater the early Empire.
* After the great Indus civilization collapsed in 2000 BC, a group of Indo - European tribes called Arya ("greatness") northwest India during the Vedic period and called the master of the trip. A combination of thought and religion, the Hindu Aryan Indus valley formed the basis of religion, and the gods Shiva, Kali, and Brahma comes from Aryan civilization. Even before the Aryan Vedas, the sacred Hindu texts recorded, and on the basis of ethnicity and caste occupation began.
He said that it is too big "ocean" to solve the mystery partly because * Alexander the Great invaded India, sustainable sea flows across the country. He reached the sea to reach your goal to move him to the god Poseidon offered a bull.
* In many respects, especially about 330 BC After the fall of Alexander the Great in the depiction of the gods of India, the impact on Greek sculpture. In fact, immediately after the Indian God come to Greece and then display the specific size of India.
* Chandragupta Maurya (340-290 BC), founded the Mauryan empire, the leader in India (321-185 BC) on the back of his horse was brought by a group of women.
* Free yesterday, the leader of India, Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Mod movement in the West is increasingly becoming an important conversation mode, with a single-breasted jacket, different appearances, appeared in Vogue magazine. By using the name of Nehru jacket, a popular Indian politician musical group The Beatles and Johnny Carson (1925-2005) and worn by celebrities like Sammy Davis Jr. coat. (1925-1990).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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History kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kingdoms in Indonesia Indonesia is the first developing in Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms while the economic system that is in use at the time it is trading, so the relationship with neighboring countries and further afield as India, China and the Middle East region can be established.
At the time of the kingdom growing Hinduism was the first to enter Indonesia with less is expected in early AD Tarikh and continues to grow until the Islamic kingdoms emerged. Here's a list of kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kutai kingdom. 

Kutai kingdom is the oldest Hindu kingdoms in global, this kingdom was founded in 400 AD, on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Kudungga (king pertartama).
* Aswamarman.
* Mulawarman.

Tarumanegara kingdom. 

Kingdom of Tarumanegara a Hindu kingdom, founded in 450 AD, in West Java. Pernawarman is the reigning king.

Kaling kingdom. 

Kaling kingdom was established in the year 674 in Jepara, Central Java. Queen is the reigning king Sima. Famous pastor is lhanabhadra.

Kingdom of Srivijaya. 

Srivijaya kingdom was established in the 7th century in Sunmatra (Buddhist kingdom). The kings who ruled is:
* Sri Jayanaga.
* Balaputradewa.
* Sri Sangrawijayatunggawarman.
Famous Buddhist teacher who is Sakyakirti
The causes of the collapse of Sriwijaya, among others:
* Attacks king Colamandaladari India.
* Attack the King Kertanegara of Singasari.

Malay kingdom. 

Malay kingdom stood almost simultaneously with the Kingdom of Srivijaya, but in 692 it was ruled Srivijaya empire.

Hindu Mataram kingdom. 

Hindu Mataram kingdom in Central Java stand with capital Medang Kamulan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Sarna
* Sanaya who holds Raka Queen Sanjaya of Mataram.
* Rakai Panangkara, which holds Mahraja Dyah Sri Sailendra Pancapana Rakai Panangkarana
After the reign of Rakai Panagkaran, Mataram split into two. As Buddhists, religious affiliation Hinsu. Buddhist dynasty in Central Java, South, ruling Hindu Syailendara around Dieng mountains. In the reign of Rakai Pikatan, Mataram reunited
Subsequent kings are:
* Belitung who holds Rakai Watukara.
* Daksha.
* Tulodong
* Wawa
* MPU Spoon.

Isyana royal dynasty. 

Spoon MPU seat of government moved to East Java dynasty in 929, then form a new dynasty, the House of Isyana.
The kings who ruled:
* MPU Spoon, Hino degree Rake Maharaj Sri Isyana Wikramadharmotunggadewa.
* Sri Isyanatunggawijaya
* Makutawangsawardhana.
* Darmawangsa, titled Sri Darmawangsa True Anantawikramatunggadewa.
* Airlangga, the title of Maharaja Sri Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Rake Halu Anantawikramatunggadewa Airlangga.
In 1401 Kahuripan kingdom divided into two 2 (division of tasks submitted to the MPU Bharada), namely:
* Janggala or Singasari, with capital Kahuripan.
* Panjalu or Kediri, with its capital at Daha.

Kediri kingdom. 

Janggala kingdom on orders by King Mapanji Garakasan. Kediri kingdom in order by the king Sri Samarawijaya.
Usurper between Jenggala and kediri lasted until tahun1520. Furthermore, for more than half a century the two kingdoms is not mentioned again in history.
117 years of royal was performed again with the king:
* Sri Sri Maharaja Rakai Sirikan Kameswara.
* Jaya-aged, styled Sri Maharaja Sang Mapanji jaya Jayabaya
At that time, the book Baharata Yudha in sedihdan composed by MPU MPU proceed Panuluh (MPU Sedah leave before his book was completed)
* MPU Penuluh also wrote books and Gatutkacasraya Hariwangsa.
* Sri Aryeswara.
* Kameswara, styled Sri Maharaja Sri Kameswara Triwikramawarata.
Famous poets of the period are:
* MPU Tanakung, his Werasancaya and Lubdaka.
* MPU Darmaja, his Smaradhahana.
Kediri kingdom collapsed in 1222, because it was conquered by Ken Arok.

Kingdom of Bali. 

A. Kings Wangsa Warmadewa.

One of the famous dynasty that ruled in Bali is Warmadewa dynasty.
King is famous:
* Tri Candrabhaysingka Warmadewa.
* Udayana, titled Dhamodayana Warmadewa.

Udayana, rotating three persons, namely:
* Airlangga, who became King Dharmawangsa-law, and later became king Kahuripan (royal dynasty Isyana).
* Marataka, which replaces Udayana (but not famous).
* Children Wungsu, which replaces Marataka throne in 1049.
* From the Children Wungsu administration left behind 28 short inscriptions, which among other things found in the cave Gajah, Gunung Kawi (Siring), Mount Writing, and Sangit.

B. Other Kings in Bali.

After Warmadewa dynasty rule, the island of Bali in order by other kings alternated, and the famous among them:
* Jayasakti, have codes of law that is uttara Widhi Balawan and Rajawacana (1133-1150).
* Jayapangus, using the book of the law Manawasasa nadharma (117-1181).
* Know 1284 Bali conquered by the Kingdom of the Lion-sari Kertanegara.

Singasari kingdom. 

Ken Arok history and government as well as the kings Singasari contained in the book, and country Pararaton Kertagama. The kings who ruled is:

1) Ken Arok.
Ken Arok became king after killing Tumapel Singasari Ametung and conquered the kingdom of Kediri in 1222 in Ganter. Ken Arok as the founder and first king of Sri Singasari who holds the antler Rajasa Amurwabhumi, then the offspring known as Rajasa dynasty.
2) Anusapati (child Ametung - Ken Dedes).
Anusapati became king after killing Ken Arok (his stepfather), by having a foundation of (slave).
3) Tohjaya (son of Ken Arok - Ken Umang).
Tohjaya became king after killing Anusapati. In 1248 launched a rebellion raised by:
* Ranggawuni (child Anusapati).
* Mahisa Campaka (child or grandchild Mahisa Wongaleleng Ken Arok and Ken Dedes)
4) Ranggawuni.
Sri Jaya holds Wisnuwardhana 1248-1268. Wisnuwardhana Singasari ruled together as Queen Anggabaya Mahisa Cempaka, the top official in charge of tackling the dangers that threaten the kingdom, Narasinghamurti title.
5) Kertanegara.
Degree Srimaharajadhiraja Sri mammal (1269 - I292), is the largest Singasari king. Pamalayu expedition sent in 1275.
Conquered areas that include Bali, Pahang, Sundanese, Bakulapura (Southwest Kalimantan) and Desert (Maluku) and held friendly relations with Jaya Singawarman - King of Campa. In 1292 conquered by Jayakatwang of Kediri.

Majapahit Kingdom. 

1) Kertarajasa, Jayawardhana (1292-1309).
Founded by Raden Wijaya (Ox-Tal child or grandchild Mahisa Campaka) in 1292 after Kublai Khan's armies deceive and China are intent on punishing the Javanese king insult tela envoy Meng Ki ie during the reign Kertanegara in Singasari.
Because Kertanegara been destroyed by Jayakatwag of Kediri, then destroy the armies of Kublai Khan Kediri, The above strategy Raden Wijaya further helped by Arya Wiraraja, the Chinese army could be destroyed by Raden Wijaya. Finally Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit with a degree Kertarejasa Jayawardhana. Raden Wijaya marry Kertanegara 4 daughters, namely:
* Tribuana, as consort.
* Gayatri. which then lowers the kings of Majapahit.
* Narendraduhita.
* Prajnaparamita.
Kertarajasa King died in 1309, leaving three sons:
* Jayanegara (from empress).
* Sri Gitarya (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Kahuripan
* Dyah Wiyat (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Daha.
2) Sri Jayanegara (1309-1329).
Jayanegara replacing his father with the title Sri Jayanegara. In the reign of rebellion arises, namely
* Rebellion Ranggalawe of Tuban.
* Revolt Sora, in the year 1311.
* Revolt Nambi, in the year 1316.
* Revolt Kuti, in the year 1319. lbukota successfully occupied and the king of Majapahit
Jayanegara Bedander fled to the village escorted by 15 guards loyal (Bhayangkari troops) under the command of Gajah Mada. Top venture capital Gajah Mada can be taken again, and again Jayanegara throne, For his services was made duke of Gajah Mada Kahuripan and then Kediri.
In the reign of King Jayanegara using Minadwaya emblem (two fish)
3) TribhuwanaTunggadewi (1328 -1350).
Jayanegara died leaving no son, then Gayatri or Rajapatni entitled to become king. Because of Gayatri has been a nun (Buddhist priest), then delegated to Sri Gitarya, Bhre Kahuripan who holds Tribuwanatunggadewi Jayawisnuwardhana.
Sadeng rebellion arises, which can be quenched by Gajah Mada, for his services in 1331 Gajah Mada was appointed prime minister, saying that at the time of his inauguration Palapa Oath. 1350 Gayatri or Rajapatni died, representing Tribuwana hand over power to his son was named, Hayam Wuruk.
4) Rajasanegara (1350 -1391).
Hayam Wuruk ascended the throne at the age of 16 years, holds Rajasanegara, is the greatest king in the history of the Gajah Mada of Majapahit as Mahapatih. He ruled over the entire archipelago, even still with Tumasik (Singapore) and the Malay Peninsula.
Well-known literary works include:
* Negarakertagama work prapanca MPU.
* Sutasoma or Parusadashanta and Arjunawijaya Tantular MPU works.
Gajah Mada's death in 1364, his position is replaced by four ministers. Hayam Wuruk Died in 1389.
5) Wikramawardhana (1389-1429).
Hayam Wuruk with the queen just mempuyai a daughter who subsequently ruled that Kusumawardhani Wikramawudhana with her husband who was her cousin. Bhre Wirabumi, children of concubines were given the power to rule Blambangan area, was not satisfied, and feel more entitled to the throne of Majapahit.
Year 1401 - 1406 civil war broke out between Bhre Wirabumi and Wikramawardhana. Bhre Wirabumi fall (War Paregreg). Wikramawurdhana died in 1429, the Majapahit empire had become smaller as a result of the region melepaskau themselves one by one.
Lord King Girindrawardhana 1478 king of Majapahit king of Daha seize Kertabumi (the last king of Majapahit).

Kingdom of Samudra Pasai. 

Pasai Ocean archipelago is the first Islamic empire. It is in North Aceh (now entering Lhoksumawe District) stand 13th century. King-king is:
* Sultan Malik al Saleh.tahun 635 Hijri or AD L297
* Sultan Muhammad Malik al Tathir Sulatan degree.

Demak Kingdom. 

1) Raden Patah (± 1500 -1518).
In early 1500 a Demak regent who converted to Islam, namely Raden Patah escape from Majapahit. Helped establish the scholars Raden Patah of Demak Kingdom.

Demak subsequently developed into the center of the development of Islam. In 1511 Demak relationship with disconnected because Malacca Malacca Portuguese controlled. In 1513 a fleet under the command of Pati Unus Demak attacked Malacca but failed.
2) Pati Unus (1518 - l 521).
Pati Unus known as prince sabrang Lor, only three years to become king.
3) Trenggana Sultan (1521-1546).
Sultan Trenggana is law Pati Unus. In 1522 believe a scholar of Pasai (Faletehan) to lead the fleet Demak seize Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon from Padjadjaran.
Trenggana Sultan died in 1546 in his quest to conquer Pasuruan. After a power struggle that arises between Sunan Prawata (eldest son of Sultan Trenggana) with Prince Sekar (brother of Sultan Trenggana). Sunan Prawata ascended the throne after killing the Prince Sekar, Sunan Prawata shortly afterwards killed by Arya Penangsang (son Prince Sekar).

Pajang kingdom. 

Jake Tingkir (Sultan Trenggana law), managed to destroy the Aryan Penangsang the help Kyai Ageng archery. Jake holds the throne Tingkir Adiwijaya and move the center of the kingdom of Demak to Display.
Display kingdom is not of long standing. After the death of Sultan Adiwijaya a power struggle. Arya Pangiri (son of Sunan Prawata) try to grab at Prince Benawa abort (son of Sultan Adiwijaya) assisted Sutawijaya (son of Kyai Ageng archery).
Prince Benawaa felt unable to replace handanya father, then handed power to Sutawijaya, who then moved the seat of government to Mataram.
Islamic Mataram Kingdom.
Panambahan Sutawijaya known as Senapati. Panembahan Senapati died in 1601.

Kingdom of Banten. 

After seizing Faletehan Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon, then he is mastered. Because in the power struggles arise Demak in 1522 Faletehan handed to his son Hasanuddin Banten Banten as the first king and Faletehan focused on Islam in Gunung Jati, Cirebon.
Other kings are:
* Joseph Prince (1570)
* Maulana Muhammad (9 years old), died in 1596 in his attempt to attack Palembang.
* Abdulmufakir (5 years old), controlled by the government Mangkubumi Jayanegara.

Kingdom of Malacca. 

Kingdom of Malacca is not located in the archipelago. King-king is:
* Paramisora, escape of Majapahit, who have entered Islam, which has changed the name of Sultan Iskandar Shah.
* Mansour Sultan Shah.
* Sultan Mahmud Shah.
* Year 1511. Malacca fell to the Portuguese.

Kingdom of Aceh. 

In the early 16th century was a small kingdom, under the rule of Pedir.
King-king is:
* Sultan Ibrahim. Aceh break away from the Kingdom Pedir. Aceh more advanced because of Malacca controlled by the Portuguese, so the Arab and Muslim traders from Gujarat divert trade to Aceh.
* Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1639). On reaching the summit ketayaannya Aceh administration.

Kingdom of Ternate. 

Standing roughly 13 century. Being the 14th century Ternate Islamic kingdom. The Reign of Sultan Ternate Baabullah Reaching their peak. In 1575 Sultan Baabullah Dispelling Portuguese From the Moluccas. The degree-Pertuan Baabullah on 72 islands, expanding its territory to the Philippines.

Tidore kingdom. 

An Islamic empire in the Moluccas. Had played off by the Portuguese and Spanish, to be at odds with the kingdom of Ternate, but turned back together even expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.
Famous king was Sultan Nurku, indomitable fighting to repel the Netherlands. Its territory covers Halmahera. Seram, Kai, and, to Papua.

Makasar kingdom. 

In the 16th century in South Sulawesi, there are two kingdoms, namely Goa and Tailo. Both kingdoms were united under the name of Goa-Tailo, or Napier with sombaopu the capital, as the first Islamic kingdom in Sulawesi.
King-king is:
* King of Goa Daeng Manribia with the title of Sultan Alaudin. Mangkubuninya is king Tailo Karaeng Matoaya title of Sultan Abdullah.
* Sultan Hasanuddin, reaching the height of glory reign

Banjar kingdom. 

With the help of Demak Kingdom, 76th century kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan conquer Daha (a kingdom in the interior of Borneo) is a question of the Islamic empire, with its king Raden Ocean Has Changed Name to Islam Sultan Suryanullah. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/history-kingdoms-in-indonesia.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 12:12
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Tag : History kingdoms in Indonesia.

Religious Affairs official corruption.

Investigation of alleged corruption in the procurement and catering lodge on the implementation of the 2012-2013 pilgrimage only to pave the way so that the KPK could expose corruption is greater. The case is a candidate member of deposit funds pilgrims reached Rp 50 trillion and has never been clear. 
Commission has won a number of evidence about the use of deposit funds candidates for the pilgrims by the Ministry of Religious Affairs officials of alleged corruption. 
This is partly a deposit of candidates for the use of funds to finance pilgrims wives of top-level officials in the Ministry of Religious Affairs. 
About the extent to which the organization of the Hajj corruption investigation, the KPK spokesman Johan Budi said only that the Commission continues to explore allegations of corruption. 
"In the not too distant future there will be a demand for more information," Johan said in Jakarta, Wednesday (26/2). 
However, this time, the investigation is focusing on hajj procurement of goods and services in organizing Hajj 2012-2013. 
"The point is that the investigation of the hajj 2012-2013 relating to the implementation of goods and services. Could lodge, can transport, catering can, "he said. 
Price bubble 
According to researchers Indonesia Corruption Watch, Ade Irawan, one of the findings in the audit of the Audit Board of the implementation of the Hajj is any indication of the price inflation of catering to pilgrims. 
Catering also become a target for hunters rents in the House because of its value quite tempting. 
The same thing happened in procuring lodgings for pilgrims while in Saudi Arabia. There are indications in the procurement price game Hajj dormitory worth more than Rp 100 billion. They were allegedly involved, among others, officials at the Ministry of Religious Affairs with legislators to discuss the procurement budget lodgings join this pilgrimage. 
Ade justify foreign exchange game in the procurement of goods and services on the organization of the Hajj became one mode of corruption. 
"There are two game in the procurement of goods and services such as hostels and catering. First through foreign exchange, which both mark up the value of the procurement, "said Ade. 
The contract value is calculated with the exchange rate of the currency of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi riyal. In the investigation the Commission found indications that rate games were allegedly carried out a number of relevant officials of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Allegations of corruption mode is done through foreign exchange differences riyals dollars that do not comply with the conditions on the ground. Rupiah against the riyal deliberately weakened from exchange rate that should apply in the currency market. Such modes allegedly known by a number of members of Parliament who come to enjoy the advantages of undue foreign exchange in procuring lodgings Hajj. 
Not only that mode of corruption. Commission also found the allegation of inflation of prices in the procurement of the Hajj dormitory. Value of the procurement contract Hajj dormitory allegedly unnatural. 
Based on information collected, procurement and catering lodge is also suspected of corruption involving members of the House of Representatives. Even one political party officials close to the Ministry of Religious allegedly involved in procuring catering pilgrims. 
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/religious-affairs-official-corruption.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:39

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Tag : Religious Affairs official corruption.