Did you Car Fueled Nuclear Power ?

Each gram of thorium has the energy equivalent of 28 390 liters of petrol .
Search of alternative fuels continue to do as continuing depletion of oil reserves . In fact , the scientists in the research and development firm Laser Power Systems has developed a fuel of nuclear power for the car .
The fuel system uses an electric generator turbine driven thorium -based laser ( light radioactive metal with an atomic weight of 90 ) . The principle works is very simple . Thorium is used to generate heat that produces steam in a closed cycle .
The steam then drives generators . Because it only takes a thin sheet of aluminum foil to prevent leaking radiation , so the mini reactor is very safe to use as a vehicle power plant .
According to its inventor , Charles Stevens , each gram of thorium has the energy equivalent of 28 390 liters of petrol . With 8 grams of thorium could run the average car for 5,000 hours or the equivalent mileage of 480,000 miles or over the life of the ideal vehicle itself .
Previously , Cadillac had introduced a thorium -powered concept car at the Chicago Auto Show 2009 designed by Lorus Kulesus .
The vehicle does not have a nuclear power plant reactor from Thorium is actually functioning . However , General Motors has thought of an interesting idea to create and show off this car concept .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 17.27

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Nuclear power plant.

Society knew the first nuclear power in the form of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II in 1945.
Similarly, the enormity of the consequences caused by the bomb so that its influence can still be felt to this day.
In addition, as the ultimate weapon that powerful, long time people have been thinking about how to harness nuclear power for the welfare of mankind.
Until now, nuclear power, radioactive substances in particular have been widely used in various fields including industry, health, agriculture, animal husbandry, sterilization of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, food preservation, the field of hydrology, which is the application of nuclear techniques for non-energy. One of the use of nuclear techniques in the field of energy are now grown and used on a large scale in the form of nuclear power plants, which use nuclear power to generate electricity is relatively inexpensive, safe and does not pollute the environment.
Use of nuclear energy in the form of a Nuclear Power Plant was developed commercially since 1954. At that time in Russia (USSR), built and operated a pressurized light-water nuclear power plant units high (VVER = PWR) that a year later reached 5 MWe power.
In 1956 in the UK developed NPP Gas Cooled Reactor types (GCR + gas-cooled reactor) with a power of 100 MWe.
In 1997 around the world in both developed and developing countries have operated as many as 443 units of nuclear power plants spread across 31 countries, contributing around 18% of the world's electricity supply with a total power generation reached 351 000 MWe and 36 units of nuclear power plants are under construction in 18 countries.

Differences Conventional Power Plants (PLK) with NPP. 

In conventional power plants, water is evaporated in a kettle through
combustion of fossil (oil, coal and gas). The resulting cash flows to a steam turbine that will move when there is pressure steam. Turnover then used to drive a turbine generator, so the power will be generated.
Fuel power plants with coal, oil and g as having the potential to cause environmental impact and fuel transportation problems of the mine to the power plant site. The environmental impact of fossil fuel combustion can be a CO2 (carbon dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides), and dust containing heavy metals.
The biggest concern in electricity generation with fossil fuels is that it can lead to acid rain and global warming increase.
NPP operates on the same principle as PLK, only heat is used to generate steam is not generated from fossil fuel combustion, but the core is generated from the cleavage reaction of fissile material (uranium) in a nuclear reactor. The heat energy is used to generate steam in the steam generator system
(Steam Generator) and then the same as in the PLK, steam is used to drive turbingenerator as powerhouse. As commonly used heat transfer water is circulated continuously during operation of nuclear power plants.
The power generation process does not relieve the smoke or dust containing
heavy metals are discharged into the environment or release harmful particles such as CO2, SO2, NOx into the environment, so that the nuclear power plant is environmentally friendly power plants. Radioactive waste resulting from the operation of nuclear power plants is in the form of spent fuel elements in solid form. The spent fuel elements may be temporarily stored on site prior to the storage of nuclear power plants in a sustainable manner.

On Nuclear Physics. 

The heat is used to generate steam produced as a result of fission of atomic nuclei that can be described as follows;
If one neutron (produced from neutron source) caught by one core
uranium-235 atoms, atomic nuclei will be split into 2 or 3 sections / fragments.
Most of the energy original binding fragments are each in the form of kinetic energy, so that they can move at high speed.
Because the fragments are in the crystal structure of uranium, they can not move away and immediately slowed his movements.
In the process of this deceleration kinetic energy is converted into heat (thermal energy).
As an illustration, it can be argued that the thermal energy generated from
cleavage reaction of 1 kg of uranium-235 is a pure magnitude of 17 billion kilo calories,
or equal to the thermal energy generated from the combustion of 2.4 million kg
(2400 tons) of coal.
Besides fragments of the cleavage reaction also produces 2 or 3 neutrons are
released at speeds greater than 10,000 miles per second.
These neutrons are called fast neutrons are able to move freely without being hindered by the uranium atoms or atoms of the cladding. To make it easier
captured by the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce a cleavage reaction,
The neutron speed should be slowed.
Substances that can slow down the speed of neutrons is called a moderator.

Water For Throttling Neutron (Moderator) 

As already mentioned above, the heat generated from the cleavage reaction, by which pressurized water 160 atmospheric temperature of 300 degrees C and is continuously pumped into the reactor through the reactor coolant channels. Water circulates in the cooling channels not only serves as a cooling alone but also acts as a moderator, as a medium that can slow neutrons. Fast neutrons will lose some of its energy during mashing hydrogen atoms. Once the speed of the neutrons down to 2000 m per second, or equal to the speed of the gas molecules at a temperature of 300 degrees C, only he is capable of splitting the nuclei of uranium-235 atom. Neutrons that have been slowed called thermal neutrons.

Controlled Chain Reaction Core division. 

To obtain a steady thermal output, needs to be guaranteed that the number of reactions core division that occurs in the reactor core is maintained at a fixed rate, which is 2 or 3 neutrons produced in the reaction only one who can continue the cleavage reaction.
Other neutrons can escape out of the reactor, or absorbed by other materials without cleavage reaction or absorbed by the control rods. The control rods are made of materials that can absorb neutrons, so the number of neutrons causes
the cleavage reaction can be controlled by adjusting the exit or entry of the control rods into the reactor core.

In connection with the above description it should be underlined that  ; 

a. Fission chain reaction is possible only if there is a moderator.
b. The content of uranium-235 in nuclear fuel is 3.2% maximum.
The content is very small and evenly distributed in the isotope uranium-238,
so it is not possible fission chain reaction is uncontrolled in
therein.

Radiation and Results Hemisphere. 

Fragments produced during the cleavage reaction is called the core parts of the result, which is mostly in the form of radioactive atoms such as xenon-133, krypton-85 and iodine-131. This radioactive substance decays to other atoms with radiation emits alpha, beta, gamma or neutron.
During the decay process, the emitted radiation can be absorbed by other materials inside the reactor, so that the energy released turns into heat.
This heat is called decay heat will continue to be produced even though the reactor stopped operating. Therefore, the reactor is equipped with an exhaust system decay heat. In addition to the parts, the reactor also produced other radioactive materials as a result of neutron activity. This occurs because the radioactive material other materials inside the reactor (such as cladding or structural materials) so that the neutron capture turned into another radioactive element.
Radioactive is the main source of harm from a nuclear power plant, therefore all NPP safety systems designed to prevent or inhibit the release of radioactive substances into the environment with activities that exceed the threshold value permitted under applicable regulations.

Nuclear Safety. 

Various security measures taken to protect the health and safety
the public, workers and the environment NPP reactor. This effort is made to ensure that the resulting radioactive nuclear reactor is not released into the environment either during surgery or in the event of an accident.
Protective measures taken to ensure that nuclear power plants can be stopped safely any time if desired and can remain on hold in a secure state, ie obtain sufficient cooling. For this decay heat generated must be removed from the reactor core, they may cause hazards due to over heating of the reactor.

Safety is attached. 

Safety plugged designed based on the natural properties of water and uranium.
When the temperature in the reactor core rose, the number of neutrons that are not caught or who did not experience the slowdown will increase, so that the reaction
reduced cleavage. As a result of heat generated is also reduced. The nature of this will ensure that the reactor core will not be damaged even if the control system fails operates.

Double barrier. 

NPP has a strict security system and multi-layered, so possibility of an accident and its effects are very small.
For example, radioactive substances generated during the fission reaction of uranium nuclei most (> 99%) will remain stored in the fuel matrix, which serves
as the first barrier.
During the operation and in the event of an accident, the fuel cladding will acts
as a second barrier to prevent the release of radioactive substances the exit of the cladding. In the case of radioactive substances can still be out of the
cladding, there is a third barrier is the cooling system. Regardless of the system
cooling, there is a fourth barrier pressure vessel made of steel with ± 20 cm thick. The fifth barrier is a concrete shield with 1.5-2 m thick.
When the radioactive substance is still no escaping the concrete shield, there is still a barrier sixth, the confinement system consisting of thick steel plate ± 7 cm and 1.5-2 m thick concrete airtight.
So during operation or in the event of an accident, radioactive substances actually stored in the reactor and are not released into the environment. Even if there is still a radioactive substance that despite the number has greatly reduced so that the impact on the environment does not mean.

Layered defense. 

The design adheres to the safety of a nuclear power plant falsah layered defense (defense in depth). This layered defense include: safety first layer, NPP
designed, constructed and operated in accordance with very strict conditions,
high quality and cutting-edge technology; safety second tier, NPP equipped with
system safety / safety is used to prevent and cope with the consequences of accidents that may occur during the life NPP and third-tier safety, nuclear power plant is equipped with a security system addition, which can be expected to occur at a nuclear power plant. However, the possibility of such an accident so it will never occur during the operation of nuclear power plants.

Radioactive Waste. 

During the operation of nuclear power plants, pollution caused by radioactive substances to the environment can not be said to exist. Sea or river water is used to carry heat from the condenser does not contain any radioactive substance, because it is not mixed with cooling water circulating in the reactors.
Radioactive gas that can come out of the reactor system remains confined in the system NPP confinement and has been through a ventilation system with filter layers. Gas is released through a chimney activity is very small (about 2 milicurie / year), so it does not impact on the environment.
In most of the nuclear power plant waste generated waste activity was low (70-80%). While the high-activity waste generated in the process of recycling spent nuclear fuel elements, so that when the fuel element mark is not recyclable, high-activity waste this amount is very small.
Low activity radioactive waste handlers, medium and high activity generally follow three principles, namely;
- Decrease the volume by evaporation, incineration, compaction / pressed.
- Rework into a stable form (either physical or chemical) to facilitate
in transportation and storage.
- Store the waste that has been processed, at an isolated place.
Wastewater treatment by evaporation / heating to decrease the volume,
then solidified with cement (cementation) or with a massive glass (vitrified) in a watertight container, resilient, for example made of reinforced concrete or stainless steel.
Solid waste management is to be reduced in volume through the process
incineration / combustion, further cemented his ashes. While the waste can not be burned minimized by compacting the volume / pressure and solidified in drums / concrete with cement. Medium solid waste that can not be burned in compaction or not, should be cut into pieces and put in concrete then compacted with massive cement or glass.
Further radioactive waste that has been processed is stored temporarily (10-50 years) in the waste storage warehouse watertight before being stored in a sustainable manner. Storage area in the valley sustainable chosen / special location, the geological conditions are stable and are not economically beneficial.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/nuclear-power-plant.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 15.34
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Did you know Solar Power Generation.

History of Solar Power Generation is inseparable from the invention of silicon-based solar cell technology in 1941. When the Russell Ohl of Bell Laboratory observed polycrystalline silicon will form a buit-in junction, because of the effect of impurity segregation found in silicon melt. If the photon beam on one side of the junction, it will form a potential difference between the junction, in which electrons can flow freely. Since then research to improve the energy conversion efficiency of photons into electrical energy intensified. Various types of solar cells with various material and geometric configuration was successfully created.

Working Principle of Solar Cells.

The solar cell is a semiconductor diode that can convert light into electricity and is a major component in the Solar Power system.

In addition to the modules consist of solar cells, other components in the system is the Solar Power Balance of System (BOS) such as inverter and controller.  Solar Power is often equipped with batteries as power storage , so that Solar Power can still supply power when there is no sunlight .
Electric energy generation in solar cells based on the photoelectric effect occurs, also called photovoltaic effect, ie the effect caused by photons with specific wavelengths that if energy greater than the semiconductor energy threshold, it will be absorbed by the electrons so that the electrons move from the valence band
(N) to the conduction band (P) and left holes in the valence band, the next two payloads, namely an electron-hole pair, raised. Electron-hole flow that occurs when the load is connected to electricity through a conductor will generate an electrical current.

Types of Solar Cells. 

Judging from the material concept of the crystal structure, there are three main types of solar cells, the solar cells based monokristalin, poly (multi) crystalline and amorphous. These types have been developed with a wide variety of materials, for example silicon, CIGS, and CdTe.
Based on the chronological development, solar cell solar cells differentiated into the first, second, and third. The first generation is characterized by the use of a silicon wafer solar cell as the basic structure; utilizes second generation material deposition technology to produce thin layers (thin film) which can act as solar cells, and the third generation is characterized by the use of bandgap engineering technology to produce high-efficiency solar cells with stackes tandem or multiple concepts.
Most solar cells are produced first-generation solar cell, which is about 90% (2008). In the future, the second generation will be more and more popular, and will eventually get a bigger market share. European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) estimates thin film market share will reach 20% in 2010. The third-generation solar cells are still in the stage of research and development, has not been able to compete on a commercial scale.

Assessment of Solar Cells Manufacturing Investment in Indonesia. 

Economics of solar cell manufacturing in Indonesia is done by taking into account the availability of the supply of silicon wafers as the main raw material, the optimum production capacity, market potential, cost factors, and the impact and benefits that can be generated from solar cell plant construction projects.
Examples of incentive schemes to build the domestic market:

1. Subsidies. 

Subsidies can be given directly to the manufacturers of solar cells or supporting device makers Balance of System (BOS) that the price of solar cells along with the BOS can afford.
The implementation of the subsidy would be more effective if in Indonesia there are solar cell industry, both the manufacture, assembly, and industrial BOS.
For rural electrification, the government can provide subsidies for regions or villages that receive aid solar cells with only burden the rural communities with electricity tariffs are far below normal (not free)

2. Feed-in tariff. 

Feed - in tariff is the price paid by the state electricity company when purchasing electricity from power generation of renewable energy at a price set by the local government . Feed - in tariff is another incentive that aims to increase the use of electricity from renewable energy sources , one of which solar cells .
The existence of public infrastructure that allows users to sell solar cells to power companies such as Electricity Company . The house with the concept of BIPV is given a connection to the local electricity network , not to take electricity from the state electricity company but to drain ( or " sell " ) electricity to the National Electricity Company .

3. Giving credit. 

Credit program of solar cells is accompanied by a feed - in tariff program , so the loan repayment time aided by the absence of income from the sale of electricity from the power company to the house .
Cost analysis method
Method to assess the financial feasibility of solar cell plant is done by using the "discounted cash flow" conventionally, ie by determining the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Payback Period.
Assumptions and calculations basic conditions.
Assumptions and basic conditions regarding the calculation of the capacity factor of production, the cost of the initial investment, the need for supporting materials, electrical power requirements, labor requirements, needs engine repair and maintenance, the cost of production (GPP), and sales projections.

The results of calculation and cost analysis. 

From the calculation of the cost to build the plant is known that polycrystalline silicon solar cells with a capacity of 25 MWp / year requires an investment of Rp.670 billion.
Calculation of Project Profitability (in dollars)
The results of the cost analysis with the assumption that all applicable demonstrated: IRR = 17.18%, NPV = 63,037,225,027, Payback Period = 7 years. It can be concluded that the solar cell plant investment is financially feasible considering that the various assumptions and conditions as this study was not prepared to change.
With solar cell production capacity of 25 MWp / year, the solar cell industry will be able to meet the needs of the domestic market (assuming the market share is 50%). For the production capacity needed supply of raw materials (polycrystalline silicon wafer) a minimum of 12,016,342 pieces / year.

Sun For Solar Power Plant in Indonesia. 

Utilization of solar energy as an alternative energy source to solve the energy crisis, especially petroleum, which occurred since the 1970s gets considerable attention from many countries in the world. In addition to an unlimited amount, utilization also does not cause pollution that can damage the environment. Light or sunlight can be converted into electricity using solar cells or photovoltaic technologies.
The main components of solar power generation systems using photovoltaic technology is the solar cell. Currently there are a lot of solar cell manufacturing technology. Conventional solar cells are already commercially today use crystalline silicon wafer technology production process is quite complex and expensive. In general, the conventional solar cell manufacturing process begins with the purification of silica to produce solar grade silica (ingot), followed by the cutting of silica into silica wafers. Furthermore, silica wafers are processed into solar cells, and solar cells arranged to form a solar module. The last step is to integrate the solar modules with the BOS (Balance of System) into a system of power plant. BOS is supporting components used in the power plant systems such as inverters, batteries, control systems, and others.
Currently the development of Solar Power Generation in Indonesia has had a strong enough base of the aspects of the policy. However, the implementation phase, the potential is there has not been optimally utilized. In technology, industrial photovoltaic (PV) in Indonesia only able to perform on stage downstream, which manufactures solar modules and integrate it into a Solar Power Plant, while the solar cells are still imported. Though solar cells are a major component and the most expensive in the Power system. Prices are still high become an important issue in the development of the solar cell industry. Various solar cell manufacturing technology continues researched and developed in the framework of efforts to reduce the production cost of solar cells in order to compete with other energy sources.
Given Indonesia's electrification ratio reached 55-60% and almost the entire area is not electrified rural areas far from power plants, the Solar Power Plant to be built in almost any location is very appropriate alternatives to be developed. In the period 2005-2025, the government has planned to provide 1 million Solar Home System with a capacity of 50 Wp for low-income and hybrid 346.5 MWp solar power to remote areas. Until 2025 the government plan would be about 0.87 GW of Solar Power capacity installed.
Assuming a market share of up to 50%, the solar energy market in Indonesia is large enough to absorb the output of a solar cell factory with a capacity of up to 25 MWp per year. It is certainly a great opportunity for the local industry to develop its business to solar cell manufacturing.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-know-solar-power-generation.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 13.51

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Who Can Prevent Mercedes.

Start on Second Order Vettel at the Malaysian GP .
Lewis Hamilton again rule the qualifying session . After seizing pole position at the Australian Grand Prix ( 16/3 ) , the British driver was back to being the fastest in the qualifying session of the Malaysian Grand Prix at the Sepang Circuit .
It is evidence that suggests that Mercedes is so steady at the start of the season and difficult to stop .

At the Australian GP , Nico Rosberg won the race . And today at the Malaysian Grand Prix , he started in a pretty good position , which is in third place . A positive note for Hamilton , because after going through the challenges of a wet track at Sepang he was able to break the record .
Now he is in the ranks of the largest pole -winning record , equaling Jim Clark and Alain Prost with 33 times .
He's behind only Michael Schumacher ( 68 ) , Ayrton Senna ( 65 ) and Sebastian Vettel ( 45 ) . While reaching the pole , Hamilton admitted pouring rain complicate any rider to spend his best .
Significantly reduced visibility making it difficult to understand the situation that happened on the track .
" I can not see anyone in the rearview mirror . I do not know where they are , " he said .
It was raining very heavy indeed , even had to postpone qualifying until the closing 50 minutes .
The safety car many times around the circuit to ensure that the track is safe. Only Rosberg who just note the progress of the current track conditions deteriorated .
Sebastian Vettel failed to even devour the last lap , though the results do not affect the record time .
Even so , it's good enough for Sebastian Vettel as the start of the second order .
" I'm a little uncomfortable with tek very wet , especially in braking .
But still nice to start in the third position . Very long race tomorrow ( 30/3 ) , "he predicts .
The rain also resulted in two incidents involving four riders.
Fernando Alonso ( Ferrari ) and Daniil Kvyat ( Toro Rosso - Renault ) experienced a bump due to poor visibility .
" I did not see it coming. I think he ( Kvyat ) aggressive maneuvering when visibility is poor , " said Alonso, who said he was happy to start in the fourth position .
Racers had to be ready to fight in the super wet track , because today the weather forecast shows rain will continue to fall, perhaps up to 80 percent , there is even a chance of thunderstorms with winds up to 15 kilometers per hour .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/who-can-prevent-mercedes.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 12.13

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Make Stinging fierce weather.

Of the Sixth fastest, Rosberg Superior 0.2 Seconds.
Mercedes still be the fastest in Malaysian GP practice session at the Sepang Circuit. Morning, Lewis Hamilton was fastest followed by Nico Rosberg.
In the second session, Rosberg's turn to be the fastest with a time of 1 minute 39.909 seconds.
However , the speed of the Mercedes was not too convincing in the first series in Australia two weeks ago .
In the second session ahead of Rosberg just 0.035 seconds ahead of Kimi Raikkonen, even with Felipe Massa (Williams-Mercedes) who was sixth fastest, 0.203 seconds ahead of Rosberg only. Hamilton himself in the second session to be the fastest fourth and 0.142 seconds adrift of Rosberg.
Why so fast chasing Mercedes opponent? Rosberg stated, it is because the heat is so oppressive at the Sepang Circuit. Temperatures on the track to break even 50 degrees Celsius.
If at first the engine will suffer because of the character of the circuit, yesterday found that the tires are more tormented.
The heat is so oppressive to make tires out faster. Even some riders to twist due to a sudden loss of control.
In the morning and afternoon sessions, respectively Hamilton once spun off the track. The same thing happened Ferrari, Fernando Alonso.
Rosberg said his team enough surprise with tire degradation levels yesterday.
With so oppressive heat, the tire is very fragile because it is basically already abrasive character of the Sepang circuit on tires.
"We do not expect this kind of tire degradation.'s A really tough day, and very hot," said Rosberg told Reuters.
Conditions abrasive on the tires, Rosberg according to the chosen strategy can make any rider more varied, it could be the drivers who are in front of the grip when using the soft start but no better than the drivers behind the use of the medium tire.
However , it will not make Rosberg took off pole position . He will struggle to win the maximum pole .
"Pole position is invaluable. Starting the race in pole position always give you an advantage," he said.
Meanwhile, Hamilton is not too concerned about the tire issue. It was, according to the British rider is always happening at Sepang.
"Something like this every year. Temperature is very hot and the tires can not work optimally in such conditions," said Hamilton.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/make-stinging-fierce-weather.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 11.21
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No bargain .

Red Bull - Renault has not been cured by disqualification experienced Daniel Ricciardo at the Australian Grand Prix two weeks ago .
Because of problems in the fuel flow sensors are supplied FIA , they could re- break the rules states as well as in Australia .
" We have problems on the sensor signals the car of Daniel in the morning session . We have to replace it in the second session , but not know how to change , " said Red Bull team principal Christian Horner told ESPN .
" Hopefully the problem is resolved . Otherwise, we will experience a dilemma as two weeks ago , " he continued .
As reported, Ricciardo who finished second in Australia was disqualified for fuel flow exceeds maximum limit of 100 pounds per hour .
Horner then gave a discourse , if the sensor can not be accurately provided by the FIA ​​, the better rule was removed , because some other teams through the same thing , however , they remain subject to the provisions of the FIA ​​.
But Horner discourse was immediately rejected the FIA ​​. They assert will not change the rules of the maximum flow of fuel per hour as well as other rules .
" The rule is very clear . Fuel flow will be measured with a device that has been approved by the FIA ​​. , And the only tool that is supplied Gill , " said Charlie Whiting , FIA race director , told Autosport .
Fabrice Lom , chief called the FIA Formula 1 engines would endanger if maximum fuel flow restriction removed .
" If there is no limit fuel flow , which will occur is very high speeds on the straights , far above the speed that should Formula1 car .
It would be very dangerous and it's not F1 , " Lom said .
That there are inaccuracies in the sensor Gill , Lom and Whiting did not deny it , but it is still within tolerable limits .
Other teams can also search for solutions to these problems . All teams are in the same position associated with Gill .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/no-bargain.html
DatePublished : March 31, 2014 at 10.38

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Mystery number 13.

Around the world there are a variety of beliefs, myths, and legends, which are innumerable. For the rationalists, beliefs these old people should be killed along with the modernization that crisscross the entire side of human life. But Is that happening? Apparently not.
In the modern social order, superstitious beliefs that still exist and even grow and penetrate into the many aspects of community life. These beliefs, even the influence of the architectural and city-building skyscrapers.
As a small example, in many tall buildings in China, there is no such thing as floors 13 and 14. According to their beliefs, the two figures were not carrying hockey. In the West, the number 13 is also considered an unlucky number.
Similarly, in many other parts of the world. If we look at the numbers on the elevator tall buildings of the world, you will not encounter the 13th floor. Typically, after the number 12 then immediately 'jump' to number 14. Or of the number 12 then the first new 12a 14. This phenomenon is found in many countries of the world, including Indonesia.
Why is the number 13 considered unlucky numbers bring?
Actually , superstitious beliefs and myths that there are a variety of knowledge derived from the ancient called Kabbalah . Kabalah is an ancient mystical teachings , which have been read by the highest Magicians Pharaoh's regime which is then forwarded by the witches , magicians , fortune-tellers , psychics , and so on - especially by the Jewish-Zionist who later appointed him as a political movement - and now , the teachings of Kabbalah has become a new trend among celebrities .
Jews since the first is strictly maintains the Kabbalah. In Marseilles, southern France, the Jewish Kabbalah teachings recorded previously only revealed through oral and clandestinely. They are also known as people who enjoy tinkering with the numbers (numerology), so they are also known as as the Geometrian.
According to them, the number 13 is a sacred number that contains a variety of magical power and religious side, together with the numbers 11 and 666. Therefore, the various symbols associated Cabbalism, they always slipped element number 13 into it. Tarot cards, for example, the number 13. Also Playing Cards, number 13 (As, 2-9, Jack, Queen, King).
Symbol insertion point 13, the largest in human history made it into the emblem of the United States. The Seal of the United States of America which consists of two sides (Eagles and Pyramid Illuminati) loaded with the number 13.

Here's the proof: 

13 stars above the eagle's head forming the Star of David.
13 stripes on the shield or shield birds.
13 olive leaf bird on the right foot.
13 grains of olive sticking on the sidelines of an olive leaf.
13 arrows.
13 feathers on the end of an arrow.
13 letters that make up the phrase 'Annuit Coeptis'
13 letters that make up the phrase 'E pluribus Unum'
13 layers of rock that make up the pyramid.
13 X 9 dots surrounding the Star of David on top of Eagle head.
In addition to insert the number 13 into the state emblem, corporate logos of the United States as well as McDonalds logo, Arbyss, Startrek. Com, Westel, and so on. Number 13 can be seen if these logos rotated vertically.
Similarly, the headquarters of Micosoft referred to as The Double-Double Thirteen or 13, according to the Microsoft logo is made to resemble a window (Windows), when in fact it is number 1313.
Interestingly, although the number 13 scattered in many forms, nation apparently also regarded the number 13 as the number that should be avoided. Tall buildings in the United States rarely uses the number 13 as the number of floors. Even in racing stables as well as the presence, of the cage numbered 12, and 12a, went straight to number 14. There is no number 13.
The Kabbalists highly exalts the number 13, in addition of course other numbers such as numbers 11 and 666. This figure is used in their satanic rituals. Even the symbol of Baphomet or Goat Head Mendez (Mendez Goat) was decorated with symbols 13. That is why the number 13 is regarded as unlucky as a major part of a satanic ritual.

Friday the 13th is a bad day? 

Based on the research of Dr. Donald Dossey a specialty within the field of psychotherapy "phobia" = fear within Idioms Greece, in the U.S. alone there are more than 21 million people have the disease "paraskevidekatriap hobia" or the fear of Friday 13 th. And according to a report from "The Stress Management Center and
Phobia Institute "in Asheville - the U.S., poorer every Friday on 13th, the U.S. economy experienced a loss of between 800 s / d U.S. $ 900 million, because many people who refuse to traveling, working or doing
any business activity.

Why the number 13 is an unlucky number? 

While the belief that unlucky number 13 as the onset of the Christians , because Judas seat is 13 and he sold Jesus right at 13:00 . Besides, these figures are a perfect 12 points above the figure or exceed the peak strength , with which it will automatically bring bad luck , be advised disciples consisted of 12 people , 12 tribes of Israel , day and night 12 hours , 12 months , 12 gods of Olympus .
When looking at the number 13 Western numerology as an unlucky number, the same thing applies in Chinese society. However it may be seen from different viewpoints. "If you add up 1 +3 result 4. And the number 'four' themselves in Chinese when spoken with different intonations (sie) could give two meanings, namely four and die = shit!
Even if the calculated date of October 13, 2006 This is really unlucky you try pure totalizing: 13-10-2006 = 1 +1 +0 +2 +3 +6 = 13 (thirteen again)
And if your name is made up of 13 alphabets then it should be careful because the sadistic killer has a name that consists of 13 alphabet see: Jack the Rippe, Charles Manson, Theodore Bundy and Albert De Salvo.
Trikaideka-phobia, fear of the number 13, so great that if you eat dinner at five-star Hotel Savoy in London , and you happen to busy to come up with 13, then the Hotel Manager Mr. Paul , would quickly put out two black cat mascot who seated in a special chair , to accompany you all over the kitchen table ! Let me eat so that 15 , if not , " It is believed that one of the 13 diners will die within a year . Once the alert manager .
How many hotels or settlements that abstinence includes the number 13 to the number of floors, rooms, and houses. Lottery in Italy, France no his number 13. So also no street names in America who use 13th Street or a 13th Avenue.
Where the incidence of this belief? Allegedly, Pythagoras - the figure of the artist, philosopher, and teacher of the 6th century BC, indirectly encouraging his followers gave birth to a new understanding, numerology.
Are all the countries of Europe they are afraid of Friday 13 th? Not because in Latin American countries, in Greece and in Spain the "Tuesday" on 13th is an unlucky day, so there is a saying "En martes, ni te cases ni te embarques" = on Tuesday do not do marriage or a trip.
While in Italy, unfortunately the date is Friday 17.
But how with in Indonesia? Here we believe that the number 12 is an unlucky number proof people often say 'Cilaka 12 "
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 30, 2014 at 21:19
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Biggest Terror.

1. The tragedy of the WTC (11 September 2001).

The September 11 attacks (called September 11, September 11th or 9/11), is a series of four suicide attacks against several targets have been set in New York City and Washington DC on 11 September 2001. On that morning, 19 hijackers from the Islamic militant group, al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both towers collapsed within two hours. Also hijackers crashed a third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. When passengers tried to take control of the fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, the plane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and failed to achieve the original targets in Washington, DC 911 According to the investigation team's report, about 3,000 people were killed in this attack.

2. Lockerbie tragedy ( December 21, 1988 ).

December 21, 1988 Boeing 747-100 registered N739PA and named "Clipper Maid of the Seas" daily flights Pan American World Airways from Heathrow International Airport, London to John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York. exploded in mid-air while flying over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, when a 340-450 gram plastic explosives detonated in the cargo front, triggering subsequent events that led to the destruction of the aircraft. Wind with a speed of 100 knots (190 km / h) disseminate passengers and other goods along the 130 km. Two hundred and seventy-one people from 21 countries died, including 11 on the ground. This action was orchestrated by Libyan secret agent.

3. Sarin Gas terror (March 20 1995) 

On March 20, 1995, a member of Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult (Ultimate Truth) gas release satin on the commuter train at rush hour. Offenders who were ordered by the leader of the sect was half blind former acupuncturist who often warned about the coming apocalypse .
More than 6,200 people were injured in a planned attack on the subway system in the world's busiest. While 13 people were killed. One of those killed was Kazumasa, Takahashi husband. Kazumasa, 50 years old, was a worker at the station to move a plastic bag containing nerve gas from a crowd of passengers at the station Kasumigase-ki, Tokyo.

4. Bomb Oklahoma City (19 April 1995) 

This case is the second largest domestic terrorist attack in U.S. history, killing 168 people. The bomb was placed in a rental truck, detonated in front of the building on the road 19 April 1995 at 9:02 AM local time. The car bomb containing 2,300 kg of explosives, made of ammonia nitrate, a type of fertilizer used in agriculture, and nitrometan, a type of fuel for racing cars.

5. U.S. embassy bombing in Nairobi (Kenya) & Darussalam (Tanzania). 

August 7, 1998. 200 people were killed and more than 1,000 people were injured after a bomb attack in two Embassy (Embassy) United States (U.S.) in Kenya and Tanzania.
Page BBC television revealed that the two incidents that occurred simultaneously in a difference of a few minutes. The first explosion occurred at the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam, capital of Tanzania.
Five minutes later, a bomb destroyed the U.S. Embassy in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi. Explosion in Nairobi wounding U.S. Ambassador Prudence Bushnell.

6. Bom Bali (Indonesia) 

Bali Bombing occurred on the evening of October 12, 2002 in the city district of Kuta on the island of Bali , Indonesia , sacrificing 202 people and injuring 209 others , mostly foreign tourists . This event is often regarded as the worst incident of terrorism in Indonesian history . This action was orchestrated by a group of Amrozi allegedly received financial support from JI ( Jemaah Islamiyah ) leader Abu Bakar Bashir KH . The main target is Western travelers in Indonesia .

7. Terror Moscow (Russia) 

23-26 October 2002 was the most terrifying day in the theater Theater Moscow , Russia . Approximately 850 people dr different countries are enjoying a grand musical concert performances , Nord Ost , startled by the sudden arrival of dozens of uniformed terrorists in black and wearing masks .

8. Bomb Madrid (Spain) 

Madrid bombing incident March 11, 2004, consists of several explosions that occurred in the four commuter trains Cercanias (sort of Jabotabek train in Jakarta, Indonesia) in Madrid, Spain. This event occurred early morning March 11, 2004. There were 192 fatalities and 2,050 injuries. This event is the worst terrorist attack in Europe after the Lockerbie on December 21, 1988). It is said that there are thirteen bombs; ten of which exploded.
Casualties come from many countries: Spain, Romania, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guinea Bissau, Honduras, Morocco, Peru, and Poland.
This is the worst terrorist attack ever experienced by Spain. Much worse than ETA terrorist attacks in Barcelona, ​​in a supermarket produce 21 fatalities and 40 people injured in 1987.

9. Suicide bombings in London 

London Bomb 2005 was a series of bombings that occurred in the public transport network in London, United Kingdom on the morning of July 7, 2005 during the hours solid. The death toll reached at least 56 people. Four explosions occurred at three subway lines and a bus in central London. The fourth explosion is estimated to be done by terrorists and occurs just as the G8 conference in Scotland opened on the afternoon of the day before. London also happened to be selected as the organizer of the 2012 Olympics the day before. Exact motives are still not known for sure.

10. Bomb Mumbai (India) 

Mumbai terrorist attacks of November 2008 is a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred simultaneously in several places around the city of Mumbai, the financial capital and the largest city in India, on 26 November 2008 which continues until November 29. At least 188 people, including at least 22 foreigners, confirmed as victims, while about 370 people were injured. The actors do a series of shootings, explosions, and a hostage. The attacks occurred in the railway station Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) is crowded, two five-star hotels are Oberoi / Trident and Taj Mahal Palace; Cafe Leopold, a famous restaurant among tourists; Cama Hospital; Jewish community center building Mumbai Chabad House, and the police station.

11. JW Marriott Bomb (Indonesia) 

2003 Jakarta bombings (also called the bombing of the JW Marriott, 2003) is the earlier bombings at the JW Mariott in the Mega Kuningan, Jakarta, Indonesia at 12.45 and 12.55 pm on Tuesday, August 5, 2003. The blast came from a suicide car bomb using Toyota Kijang with police number B 7462 ZN driven by Asmar Latin Sani. The explosion killed 12 people and injured 150 people. As a result of that event, JW Marriott Hotel was closed for three weeks after surgery equipment and start completing renovations reopened again on Friday, August 22, 2003.
This action was also masterminded by Amrozi group allegedly received financial support from JI (Jemaah Islamiyah) leader Abu Bakar Bashir KH.

TERRORIST GROUP. 

Issues terror has become the enemy of all countries in the world (especially the western countries). Some of them actually have a clear goal and noble. But most of their existence and actions considered disturbing the public. For many countries, terrorist groups below are considered forbidden.

Famous Terrorist Group in the World: 

1. Al-Qaeda 

Who does not know with Al-Qaeda. The terror group among all terrorist groups around the world. The Islamic extremist group founded in 1989 by Osama bin Laden, the group is famous around the world after the Sept. 11 attacks. Although its main leader Osama reportedly been killed, but the organization is still alive.

2. Hamas 

Acronym for "Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamia", Hamas is a terrorist group Palestinian socio-political founded in 1987. The organization was founded with the goal of Jihad and to release Palestine from Israeli occupation. Known for suicide bombers are brave, this terrorist group is significantly supported by Hezbollah to assassinate Israeli civilians and defense personnel.

3. Taliban 

The Taliban is a terrorist organization that was founded by Pashtun tribes with the support of some Islamic countries such as Arabs, Chechens, Uzbeks, Tajiks Punjabi. Most of its members are students. Its main purpose is to drive the NATO occupation of Afghanistan and surrounding areas.

4. Hezbollah 

One of the most dangerous terrorist group in the world. The terrorist group based in Lebanon, but also exist in Iran and Syria. The main orientation is Shia liberate countries from colonial United States and his minions.

5. Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam 

The most powerful terrorist group in Sri Lanka, Velupillai Prabhakaran founded by in May 1976. And until now banned in 32 countries around the world because of the action that has killed many high-ranking Sri Lankan and Indian

6. Kurdistan Worker's Party 

Known as the PKK, this group was founded on November 27, 1978 in Turkey and oriented to free Kurdish state. The area of ​​operation is in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq.

7. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 

Colombian terrorist groups that were deemed to be loyal to the Marxist-Leninist understanding and regarded as one of the kingpins of drug trafficking world. Established in 1964 and up to now there are 12 thousand fighters go down from this group loyal loot money the rich to give to the poor.

8. Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna 

This terrorist group was established in 2003, this group is a group that opposed the Iraqi government during Nouri al Maliki and fierce opponent of the occupation of the United States in 1001 the country that night.

9. Aden-Abyan Islamic Army 

This group is a leading Islamic Jihad group in the Middle East, but as the basis of this terrorist group in Yemen. Unclear when the group was established, but became famous in the world after the kidnapping of 16 tourists in 1998 in the city of Abyan.

10. Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA) 

The terrorist group was established in July 1992. This group is a group of Algerian government opponents who always perform the actions per-opposition-anya with terror. This group became famous in the world after taking part in the hijacking of Air France flight 8969 in 1994.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 30, 2014 at 19.54
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Job seekers should be cautious.

Beware Question Career , family and Success Plans .

Can not sleep because tomorrow a job interview , it turns out that strange asked . Although it seems ridiculous , there are some questions that are trapped .
Thus to avoid them .
Ellis Chase , career coach from the United States explained ;
" Every negative is a trick question . If answered with a straightforward , you dig a deep hole for your own career , " he told Forbes .
Job seeker should be careful when the interviewer asked something that sounds like a question for college kids , including the following ;

Question: What was favored from the job ?

The recommended answer : " I do not like it if suddenly there are additional tasks when jobs are high , " Then , add how to handle work overload . Namely , determine priorities and not panic when faced with a deadline .

Q  : Who would you invite to dinner?

A  : Name the legendary figures relating to the proposed field of work .
       If applying to a stock company or investment mentioned Warren Buffett ,
       David Rockefeller or Sumitro Djojohadikusomo . If working in the field of
       technology , call only Bill Gates or Steve Jobs . It shows the passion for the
       job.

Q  : What was your first love ?
A  : The new challenge .

Q  : Does the size matter?
A  : This question was asked if there are three projects came at the same time .
       All three came from three companies with different scales .
       The answer , the size ( scale client ) is not important , but how to keep
       cooperative relationship with the client .

Q  : How many tennis balls can fit in a plane ?
A  : Okay , this is ridiculous . So the best answer is to talk about what
       I need to know to answer that question .

Q  : Planning to have children ?
A  : Not at this time . However , if you already have a child tell me . this
       explained that the job seeker has a responsibility .

Q  : Planning to get married ?
A  : Usually the question is posed to the job seeker women .
       Please answer with " If the right man comes , "

Q  : How do I see a career in five years ?
A  : It's a trap Batman as well . Just answer that this work combines
       various skills possessed and hope to develop.

Q  : What is the color of success ?
A  : The answer is green, the color of money. However, if applying at nonprofit
       company, the answer must be red .
So , thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 30, 2014 at 15.43

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Job Interview.

Tricky, Not Useful, Potentially Considered Arrogant. 

Has a particularly high potential acquaintance in a company, it seems, profitable job seeker.
But, should it be mentioned when a job interview?

"Have an acquaintance here?" Questions that need answers that must be considered
carefully. If you say no, the interviewer may assume a job seeker does not have a strong networking, but, if say you had to be conveyed in the right way, one little job seeker members could lose out. One possible risk is tripped.
"It is a fact that is disgusting, but it actually happened," said Kelley Rexroad, career coach, as reported by The Ladders.
According to him, personnel recruitment is usually derived from the personnel division could be threatened by an acquaintance who mentioned positions by job seekers when interviews.
"It is undeniable that a career can be lifted if the job seeker has acquaintances in person. In other words, it is likely the interviewer will be overtaken. He could have sabotaged the job seeker application file," he said.
"Never thought that name-dropping can not necessarily make you welcome," added Rexroad.
Therefore, Rexroad assume that name-dropping technique or an acquaintance named the wrong strategy in an interview. So, not a guarantee has a channel manager or even director could pave step towards a dream job.
Rexroad warned job seekers to never mention the name of contact person important if not necessary.
However, there are times when a name or agency can be a valuable asset in an interview, for example, a former junior partner in a law firm well-known to apply to another firm.
"Tell me you never worked there. Course it will be followed by questions from the interviewer. Did you know owner of the firm, Mr. A? Just answer honestly that you know him. Able to work with lawyers like Mr.. A is certainly a plus," said Rxroad.
Which makes the difference is how to deliver the job seeker. Mention the name of an important person would have in the context of the work that the job seeker has a plus in front of the interviewer.
They do not care if the job seeker members like to hang out with the director once if it does not bring significant benefits for the company.

Instead of name -dropping vital contacts , better achievements mentioned in the past as well as with job seekers who have worked .

" Mention last income or company that you are applying the product more useful than brag that you knew everybody in the company , " said Chad Oakley , president and COO Charles Aris , an employment consulting firm in the United States .

So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. 

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DatePublished : March 30, 2014 at 14.17

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CAREER CORNER. 

Igor Sikorsky.

Sikorsky was born on May 25, 1889, in Kiev (Ukraine), he was one of the pioneers or inventors helicopter. Igor is the youngest of five children. His father, Ivan Alexeevich Sikorsky is a professor of psychology, heredity Poland - Russia. Ivan was the son and grandson of a Russian Orthodox priest. Igor Sikorsky's mother, Mariya Stefanovna Sikorskaya is a doctor, Igor really liked the art, especially in the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci and Jules Verne story.
In 1900, at age 11, he accompanied his father to Germany and through conversations with his father, he became interested in the natural sciences. Upon returning home, Sikorsky began experimenting with flying machines model, and at the age of 12, he has made a small rubber band-powered helicopter. Sikorsky began studying at the Naval Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1903, at age 14. In 1906, he determined that his future lies in the technique, so he resigned from the Academy, despite satisfactory performance in the academy, and he left Russia to study in Paris. He returned to Russia in 1907, enrolling in the College of Engineering (Kiev Polytechnic Institute). After the academic year, Sikorsky again accompanied his father to Germany in the summer of 1908, where he learned about the work of the Wright brothers, Sikorsky later said that:
"In twenty-four hours, I decided to change my life's work, I would study the
flight .."
With the financial support of his sister Olga, Sikorsky returned to Paris in 1909 to study aeronautics in Flight School "Ecole des Techniques et de Construction Automobile Aéronautiques (ETACA)" and buy aircraft parts. At that time, Paris was the center of the aviation world. Sikorsky met with the pioneering flight, and ask them to answer questions about aircraft and flying. In May 1909, he returned to Russia and began designing his first helicopter, he began testing in July 1909. Despite progress in solving technical problems of control, Sikorsky realized that the plane will never fly. He eventually dismantle the aircraft design in October 1909.
"I've learned enough to realize that the existing state of the art, machine, material, and of all of them ranging from lack of money and lack of experience ... I will not be able to produce a helicopter that is my dream"
In early 1912, Igor Sikorsky became Chief Engineer of the division plane to Russko Vagonny Baltiisky Zavod or R-BVZ in Saint Petersburg. His work in the R-BVZ including four first aircraft engine construction, S-21 Russky Vityaz, called Le Grand. He also served as experimenters first flight on May 13, 1913. In recognition of his achievement, he was awarded an honorary degree in engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Saint Petersburg in 1914. Sikorsky took the experience of building the Russky Vityaz to develop the S-22 aircraft Ilya Muromets. Due to the outbreak of World War I, she bombers redesign the world's first four-engine, which was decorated with the Order of St. Vladimir.
After World War I, Igor Sikorsky briefly became an engineer for the French forces in Russia, during the Russian Civil War. He Seeing little chance of him being an aircraft designer in the war in Europe, and especially Russia, later, he emigrated to the United States, and arrived in New York on March 30, 1919.
In the United States, Sikorsky first worked as a school teacher and lecturer, while looking for an opportunity to work in the aviation industry. In 1932, he joined the faculty of the University of Rhode Island to form the Aeronautical Engineering program and remained with the University until 1948. He also attended the University of Bridgeport.
In 1923, Sikorsky formed the Sikorsky Manufacturing Company in Roosevelt, New York. He was assisted by several former Russian military officer. Among the supporters was Sergei Rachmaninoff Sikorsky, who introduced himself by writing a check for U.S. $ 5,000 or about $ 61,000 in 2007. Although the prototype was broken in the first flight test, Sikorsky persuaded supporters to invest $ 2,500. With additional funding, he produced the S-29, one of the first twin-engine aircraft in America, with capacity for 14 passengers and a speed of 115 mph. Performance of S-29, slower than the 1918 military aircraft.
In 1928, Sikorsky became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Sikorsky Manufacturing Company then moved to Stratford, Connecticut in 1929. and became part of the United Aircraft and Transport (now United Technologies Corporation) in July of that year. The company is producing airplanes, such as "Clipper" 42-S, used by Pan Am for trans-Atlantic flights.
Meanwhile, Sikorsky also continued to work on the previous vertical flight. On February 14, 1929, he filed a patent application for a "direct lift" for seaplanes. On June 27, 1931, Sikorsky filed another patent for a "direct lift aircraft", and was awarded patent number 1,994,488 on March 19, 1935 on the design design and ultimately, the success of Sikorsky VS-300 leads to R-4, which became the first helicopter in world to be mass produced in 1942. VS-300 finally by Sikorsky in using rotor configuration, which consists of a single main rotor and tail rotor antitorque single, and became one of the most popular helicopter models, the most widely used in current production and Sikorsky helicopters called touted as the inventor modern helicopter.
Sikorsky Simkovitch married to Olga Fyodorovna in Russia. They divorced and Olga remained in Russia with their daughter and went to the American Sikorsky ahead of the October Revolution. Sikorsky married Elisabeth Semion in 1924, in New York, Sikorsky and Elisabeth then had four sons Sergei, Nikolai, Igor Jr. and George.
Sikorsky died at his home in Easton, Connecticut, on October 26, 1972, and was buried in Saint John's Cemetery in Stratford. Sikorsky has been designated a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer by the Connecticut State Legislature. Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Stratford Connecticut, to this day to be one of the world's leading helicopter manufacturer, and a small airport nearby has named Sikorsky Memorial Airport. So, thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 29, 2014 at 15.57
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Missile.

Missile (abbreviated: missiles), guided missile or missile is a military rocket weapons which can be controlled or have automatic control system to search for targets or adjust the direction. In everyday usage, the term "missile" refers to the rocket with the control system, while the "rocket" is used for the rocket without a control system. The main difference between perceived very little difference other than the control system.
The first guided missile used in the operation is a German missile in World War II. The most famous is the V-1 and V-2, both using a simple autopilot system to keep the bullets fly towards it at the predetermined route.

Type missiles. 

Ballistic missiles. 

Ballistic missile is a guided missile trajectory using ballistic trajectory determined by the delivery system. This missile launch is only controlled during the course. The first ballistic missile was the V-2 rocket developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under the instructions of Walter Dornberger. Ballistic missiles can be launched from a fixed location such as missile silos, launch vehicles, aircraft, ships or submarines. Launch phase may last from tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of up to three levels rocket. Ballistic missile trajectory consists of three phases: launch, free-flying phase and phase re-entering the Earth's atmosphere.

Cruise missiles. 

Cruise missiles are guided missiles that use jet wings and use as a driving force. Cruise missiles are essentially flying bombs. Cruise missiles designed to carry conventional warheads or nuclear large quantities and can reach hundreds of miles with high accuracy. Modern cruise missiles can reach supersonic speeds flew above or subsonic, using automatic control system and flying at a low altitude to avoid radar. The first cruise missile developed Kettering Bug was developed by the United States in 1917 for use in World War I. This missile flew straight for a predetermined time and then the wings will be released for later body containing missile warhead fell cresting. This missile was never used in war since World War I is completed before the missile can be used. Missiles of this type include the famous BGM-109 Tomahawk U.S. can reach 1,100 km range.

Anti-ship missiles. 

Anti-ship missile is a missile whose primary function is to destroy surface ships. Most anti- ship missile uses inertial guidance systems and active radar trackers. Anti-ship missile is one of the short-range missile used in World War II. Germany used it to drown many Allied ships before the allies to find ways to overcome them ( principally with radio jamming ) . Anti- ship missiles can be launched from ships , submarines , aircraft , helicopters and ground vehicles . Anti-ship missiles are known in the history of the German missile , Fritz X and Henschel Hs 293.

Examples of anti-ship missiles: 

Boeing Harpoon (USA) - 221 kg warhead, 93-315 km range depending on platform
C-802/YJ-82 CSS-N-8 'saccades' (Chinese) - 165 kg warhead, 500 + km range
Exocet (France) - 165 kg warhead, 70-180 km range
RBS-15 (Sweden) - 200 kg warhead, 200 km range
Sea Eagle (UK) - 230 kg warhead, 110 + km range
Kh-35 (Russia) - 1645 kg warhead, 130 km range

Surface-to-air missiles. 

Surface-to-air missile is a guided missile launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. Well-known term for this type of missile is SAM which stands for surface-to-air missile English ie suface-to-air missile. Surface to air missiles can be launched from fixed sites or launch vehicles. SAM smallest developed by the Soviet Union can be carried and launched by a soldier. SAM can also be launched from ships, this is an example of the type of Aegis.

Air-to-air missiles. 

Air-to-air missile is a missile that is mounted on an aircraft to destroy enemy aircraft targets. Air-to-air missiles, among others, the famous AIM-9 Sidewinder is made in the United States. This type of missile can detect targets using tracking radar, infrared or laser. Air-to-air missiles generally are long, thin cylinders to reduce the effect of friction at high speeds. This missile is generally driven by one or more solid-fuel rocket or liquid. MBDA Meteor made in Great Britain using a ramjet and can reach a speed of Mach 4.

Anti-tank missiles. 

Anti-tank missile missile whose primary function is to destroy tanks or other armored vehicles. Anti-tank missiles like the first generation AG-3 Sagger controlled using a joystick. Anti-tank missiles such as the second generation of the BGM-71 TOW and AGM-114 Hellfire uses a radio, a laser designator or a camera at the tip of the missile. Anti-tank missiles such as the third generation of the FGM-148 Javelin is made in the U.S. and Nag made in India is of the type "shoot and forget". Nag uses infrared and millimeter wave tracking.

Anti-ballistic missiles. 

Anti-ballistic missile is a guided missile with a primary function to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles opponent. Anti-ballistic missiles of short distances between other Israeli-made Arrow and Patriot MIM-104 US-made. While the anti-ballistic missile designed to counter ICBM previously there were only two, namely the use of the U.S. Safeguard LIM-49A Spartan and Sprint as well as A-35 Russian. A-35 was developed into the A-135 which uses the Gorgon and Gazelle. The United States then develop the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense.

Anti-satellite missile. 

Anti-satellite missile is a missile that has a function to destroy the enemy artificial satellites. Missiles of this type include anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) is launched from the aircraft. Missiles of this type are relatively still in the development stage.
Joint Direct Attack Munition (id: Joint Direct Attack Munitions).
JDAM is a gear guide that change was guided gravity bombs, or "dumb bombs", into gunpowder "proficient" in all weathers. JDAM bombs equipment is used to guide the target by an integrated inertial guidance system that paired a recipient of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to increase accuracy, giving the area the launch of more than 15 nautical miles (28 km) from the launch point.

JDAM variants:
GBU-29 250-lb MK-81
GBU-30 500-lb MK-82
GBU-31 2000 lb MK-84 or BLU-109
GBU-32 1000-lb MK-83
GBU-35 1000-lb BLU-110
GBU-38 500-lb MK-82

Torpedo. 

Torpedo was itself having a projectile launched from the surface or below the surface of the water which is then slid under the water surface, designed to explode on contact or a certain distance to the target. Torpedo can be launched from ships, submarines, helicopters, aircraft and naval mines. Some examples include a modern torpedo U.S. MK 48 torpedo tube launched from submarines and use passive or active sonar, and VA-111 Shkval Russian-made using superkavitasi effects can reach speeds of 200 knots or 370 km / hour.

Guiding missiles. 

Guiding radar. 

Radar guidance system commonly used for medium-range missiles or far infrared signal which targets are generally too weak to be tracked infrared detectors. There are two kinds of radar guided missiles are active and semi-active. Missiles with active radar guidance system has its own radar system to detect and track the target. But the size of the radar antenna is limited by the small diameter missile limiting the detection range missiles. To overcome this, the missile must have other means (usually inertial guidance system) to approach the target before activating his radar. Guided missile semi-active radar is more common. This type of missile detection radar energy emitted from the target. Radar signals emitted by aircraft gunner. By this means the aircraft gunner must keep locking the target until the missile can reach, thereby limiting aircraft maneuverability shooter that can endanger the aircraft along with the threat of the enemy. Missiles of this type are also more easily distracted (jamming) because the distance to the target plane shooter as far from the target to the missile. Radar guided missiles can be overcome by continuous maneuver that resulted in locking stalled, deploying chaff or using electronic counter-measures.

Guides infrared. 

Infrared guidance systems of heat generated will track enemy aircraft. Infrared detector initially had a low sensitivity level sehingg can only detect heat generated sewer plane. This means of attack aircraft must maneuver to be able to fire a missile when it is behind enemy aircraft. Infrared signals are weakened when the distance is also an obstacle further away the old system. Modern infrared guided missiles can detect the heat from any part of enemy aircraft into heat by friction with the air. This makes maneuvering aircraft gunners do not need to find a position behind the enemy aircraft before they can be fired. However it still can increase the likelihood of the targets. To cope with this type of missile, used flares hotter than its own plane so that the missile will track the higher heat. Recent research to develop a tool that can destroy the laser guidance system in the missile infrared. Modern missiles such as ASRAAM missile using infrared imaging that can "see" the target (such as a digital video camera) and can distinguish between aircraft with heat sources such as flares. This system also has a wide angle of attack aircraft that do not necessarily have to be in a straight line with the target to be locked. Pilots only need to use a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) and then "see" the target before firing. Russian Su-27 is equipped with a system of infrared search and tracking is equipped with a laser range finder to the HMS system. To be able to maneuver in terms of inadequate firing at short range to find the target, air-to-air missile is equipped with a driving vector that allows the missile to spin direction.

Electro-optical. 

Electro-optical guidance system is the latest in guiding missiles. One of the missiles that use electro-optical guides are Israeli Python-5.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
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name : Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/missile.html
DatePublished : March 29, 2014 at 15.12

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Tag : Missile