Do You Know About Hawaii.

Hawaii is a state of the United States. Hawaii was discovered by James Cook, a British explorer on January 10, 1778. The original inhabitants of the islands of Hawaii is the Polynesian tribes. King Kamehameha I, born in 1758, is a great king who once ruled over the Hawaiian Islands about 1810. Kamehameha dynasty was continued by his descendants until Kamehameha V, who died on December 11, 1872, which is the successor to last dynasty of Kamehameha.
History of Hawaii's leadership was passed on by some big names such as Kamehameha family relatives Lunalilo, Kalakaua, Liliuokalani, until finally included in the set of colonies the United States in 1900, and ratified as a state of the United States 50, on August 21 1959.
In the big congress of 1993, President Clinton had to apologize to all the peoples of Hawaii, Hawaii on the destruction of the royal dynasty. Hawaii is one of the top tourist island in the world, the potential for natural beauty and marine tourism "super beautiful" Hawaii made famous throughout the entire world.
Another famous figure is the origin of Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku, who is the inventor of the sport of surfing.

Important Facts About Native Hawaiian.

Anyone who hears Hawaii certainly know that the region is the state of the United States 50th. Sunny weather all year round, beautiful natural scenery, dancing hula and unique culture, as well as a variety of interesting tourist attractions has been attached to Hawaii. However, relations between the US, Hawaii, and Native Hawaiian is one of the tricky things that may not be known to many people.

A native Hawaiian is a separate race.

Residents of Hawaii (Hawaiian) is not named after US states (such as Californian, Texan, New Yorker, etc.). In contrast, the US state was the one named after Hawaii residents.

People of Hawaii, also known as Kanaka Maoli, are the indigenous people (and their descendants) from the island of Hawaii. Their ancestors are indigenous Polynesian people who sailed to Hawaii and inhabit the islands there at around the 5th century.

A native Hawaiian or Native Hawaiian is a racial classification that is recognized by the United States. In the 2010 census, 527 077 people reported that they were Native Hawaiian or Hawaiian mixed blood. At least 8,000 people live pure-blooded Native Hawaiians left in the world.

A native Hawaiian endangered.

The first contact with Westerners occurred in 1778 when Captain James Cook, the English explorer sailing ship HMS Resolution towards Kealakekua Bay in Kona on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is estimated that between 400,000 and one million Native Hawaiians living on the Big Island of Hawaii at the time.

Isolated from the mainland and others, the disease known throughout the world unknown in Hawaii. As a result, in one century, a native of Hawaii has dropped in number to about 40,000 due to the outbreak of smallpox, measles, influenza, sexually transmitted diseases, whooping cough, and the common cold.

They form an independent and sovereign state.

Kingdom of Hawaii is the kingdom (monarchy) internationally recognized involved into trade agreements and bilateral friendship with other countries including the United States (1826), England (1836), France (1839), Denmark (1846), Hamburg (1848 ), Sweden and Norway (1852), Tahiti (1853), Bremen (1854), Belgium and the Netherlands (1862), Italy and Spain (1863), the Swiss Confederation (1864), Russia (1869), Japan (1871), New South Wales (1874), Portugal (1882), Hong Kong (1884), and Samoa (1887).

They became literate after contact with the west.

Christian missionaries first came to Hawaii in 1820. Hawaii Children starting school and learning to read and write in the Hawaiian language. In 1869, a newspaper article reported that Hawaii is the only rule of the Pacific region are attending the Paris exhibition.

In the event, showcased Hawaii newspaper, the Bible, textbooks, law books, agricultural products, and examples of 'civilization' other. Wiasatawan Europe reportedly were surprised to learn of ordinary people in Hawaii are also taught the same things that at the time it was only taught to the elite of Europe.

Their administration was taken over illegally.

On January 17, 1893, an illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian government lasts. US Marines from the USS Boston, two US cruise company, and US Minister John L. Stevens landed at Honolulu Harbor and along with the United States and European entrepreneurs do illegal coup on Queen Lili'uokalani.

Their motive is greed, land tenure, and control over the sugar industry. The businessmen and sugar plantations led by Sanford Dole, dubbed "sugar barons." Sanfords cousin, James Dole, sometimes called "the king of pineapple", start the pineapple industry in Hawaii to open the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. Sanford Dole is the only American who became president of the independent foreign countries, though not push yourself.

The natives of Hawaii tried to fight.

The natives of Hawaii tried to fight back through the "legal process" the United States. Hawaii became a protectorate of the United States, while the investigations carried out by US President Grover Cleveland, upon written request of Lili'uokalani. Cleveland and his administration concluded that the overthrow was illegal. He stated that "a serious error has occurred". He brought the issue to Congress that seemed to take it seriously, while "government straw" in Hawaii that has made Sanford Dole as president, continues to gain strong power on the islands of Hawaii.

Meanwhile, Native Hawaiians launching a massive petition to stop the top US official annexation of Hawaii. They argue if Congress realized that the natives of Hawaii do not want to be part of the US, they will restore independence to Hawaii. Public meetings were held in five major islands. Of the approximately 39,000 native Hawaiian population, 21 269 of them signed the petition. This is an extraordinary amount considering the remaining amount of the population that did not sign the petition are mostly children.

Lili'uokalani traveled to Washington DC to present protests and petitions to Congress. At the time, traveling long distances requires many months by sea and land. But all in vain. Congress did not act on the request of President Cleveland and the newly formed Congress of the administration of President William McKinley. At that time, Spanish-American War began erupting and the United States do not want to let go of Hawaii in the Pacific.

Hawaii was annexed as a US territory in 1898, with 1.2 million hectares of land formerly owned by the Hawaiian monarchy and the people of Hawaii. No compensation paid to anyone by the US government.

Hawaiian language is prohibited.

Soon after the overthrow of the new law was made to declare that teaching in schools using a language other than English is illegal. English replaces the Hawaiian language as the language of government, business, and education.

So began the colonization of the indigenous people of Hawaii. Children will be punished at school when speaking in Hawaii. Those who speak Hawaiian at home will be looked down upon. Cultural and linguistic oppression systematically lasted for decades, and the language was almost lost because the parents and grandparents feel uncomfortable to pass on their language to the younger generation.

Only when the constitutional amendment was passed in Hawaii in 1978, the use of the Hawaiian language in schools is allowed.

The Queen Lili'uokalani wrote the famous song "Aloha Oe". (Farewell).
Ironically, the only person jailed for the overthrow of the Queen Lili'uokalani. In 1895, an underground group of royalist attempted rebellion against the government led by Sanford Dole, but the attempt failed. There is no bloodshed, but only weapons found at the bottom of the royal palace. Lili'uokalani guilty of treason against the government, which has actually been illegally overthrow him. Although he was sentenced to five years for rough work, he was sentenced to nine months house arrest.

During that time he wrote a few songs, and he is famous for the song "Aloha Oe" which he created in 1878. Lili'uokalani wrote "Aloha Oe" as a love song, and now often sung as a farewell song.

Territorial government finally allocates an annual pension of 4,000 dollars to him. United States never gave him compensation for private land taken. Lili'uokalani died in 1917 at the age of 79 years. In his will, he ordered that all her possessions sold and the proceeds donated to the foundation of Queen Lili'uokalani Children's Trust who take care of orphans and the indigent. The foundation is still in operation to this day. A Lili'uokalani statue erected in front of government buildings in the state of Hawaii.

The US formally apologized.

President Bill Clinton signed a formal apology to Native Hawaiians on the overthrow of their nation illegally. Public Law 103-150 was passed through a joint resolution of Congress in 1993 to commemorate 100 years of the overthrow.

Provisions in the law states that :

- The overthrow was illegal. Section 1 states: "Congress ... on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893, recognizes the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the indigenous people of Hawaii;"

- The US apologized: "... on behalf of the people of the United States apologized to Native Hawaiians on the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893."

- The indigenous people of Hawaii could have a legal claim against the US: "Nothing in this Joint Resolution which is intended to be a settlement of any claim against the United States."

A native Hawaiian rebuild their culture.

In the 19th century they were destroyed by the plague until leaving less than 40,000 survivors. In the 20th century they colonized, life suffering, and loss of homeland captured superpower, together with the influx of tourists and immigrants from countries other US and foreign countries are infinite in number. Not to mention Pearl Harbor was bombed during World War II when Americans use Hawaii as military bases in the Pacific region. Although the indigenous population of Hawaii now only the remaining 12%, they continue to work to find a decent place in this modern era of Hawaii.

- Gov. John Waihe'e was first elected governor of Hawaii that are descendants of native Hawaiians. He served in the period 1986-1994.

- In 1987, teaching in the native language Hawaiian resumed in public schools. Currently there are 21 public schools in the state immersion Hawaii Hawaii. Students come from different races who choose to study all subjects using the Hawaiian language.

- Rise of Hawaiian culture-language, dance, art, customs began in the 1970s and continues to this day.

- Native Hawaiian population continues to struggle to regain self-government in some form, as well as legitimate compensation over the illegal overthrow of the missing and their nation. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/do-you-know-about-hawaii.html
DatePublished: September 2, 2015 at 19:29

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Do You Know About Swiss.

Confederation of Switzerland (Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera, Svizra) or in Latin Confoederatio Helvetica, is a federal state contains 26 cantons in Central Europe bordered by Germany, France, Italy, Liechtenstein and Austria. Switzerland is a country that most of its territory consisting of the Alps. Switzerland is known as a neutral state but still has a strong international cooperation.
Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons, six thereof are sometimes regarded as "half cantons" because it originated from the separation of the three cantons, and the impact is only one representative in the Council of State. The nation's capital is Bern. Other important cities are Zurich, the largest city in Switzerland (which was named the city which has the best quality of life in the world in 2006 and 2007), and Geneva, which became the location of various international bodies such as the UN, WHO, ILO and UNHCR ,
Switzerland is bordered by Germany, France, Italy, Austria and the tiny kingdom of Liechtenstein. Swiss Society said many languages, and there are four official languages, namely German, French, Italian and Romansh languages ​​that are less popular.
Switzerland is rich with history as a country that is neutral regardless of wartime or peace (and has never been involved in the fight against foreign rule since 1815). Therefore, the Swiss used as host various international organizations such as the UN, even though its headquarters is in New York City, but many established offices in Switzerland.
Swiss name in Latin, which means the Confederation Helvetica Confoederatio Helvetika, was chosen to avoid the election of one of the four official Swiss languages ​​(German, French, Italian, and Romansh). TLD country, .ch, also taken from this name. From the 26th canton, 17 speaking Swiss-German, 4 Swiss-Romande / French, one Italian, 3 bilingual (German-French) and 1 trilingual (Italian-French-Romansh).
Designations are often used to refer to Switzerland in French (Confederation suisse), Italian (Confederazione Svizzera) and Romansh language (Confederaziun svizra) is translated as "Swiss Confederation"). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft is a German language term contained in official documents. Latin name "Confoederatio Helvetica" (Confederation Helvwtia) and country TLD "ch" for the Internet, and the license plate associated with the Helvetii, an ancient Celtic tribe that once occupied the Alps. Swiss mark the August 1, 1291 as the day of independence; follow the history of this country that was initially a joint state, then into alliance since 1848. August 1 made public which leave banks and post offices as well as public administration offices are closed.
System of government is very good, really reflect, and absorb the diversity of its population. As a federal state, democracy is "direct", but is represented by the Federal Assembly. This Parliament chose seven men to be "government". Seventh status of ministers, heads of departments, and one of them becomes president for a one-year rotating basis.

Geography.

History.

The early history.

The first known tribes in this area are members of Hallstatt and La Tene culture. La Tene culture grew and developed during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly with some influence from the Greek civilization, and Etruscan. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. In 15 BC, Tiberius I, who will be nominated as the Roman Emperor to-2, and his brother Drusus, conquered the Alps, incorporating them into the Roman Empire. Areas inhabited by the Helvetii tribe - which then lowers Confoederatio name Helvetica - originally been part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and then to the Germania Superior, while the eastern part of modern Switzerland incorporated into Raetia province.
Beginning in the Middle Ages, from the 4th century, the modern Swiss extension westward into King of Burgundy region. Alemani tribe occupies Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemania. Modern Swiss then divided between the Kingdom of Alemannia and Burgundy. Overall the region became part of Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following the first Chlodwig victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504, and later the Frankish dominate burgundy.
From the year 561, King Guntram of the Merovingian, grandchildren Chlodwig I, inherited the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy, which stretches from the west almost as far as the Rhine. In the east, Alamanni tribes governed under par in Frankish duchy, because the nation Frankish fill the void as a result of the decline of the Roman Byzantine achievement to the west. From this period, the Frankish nation was starting a triune character that would characterize the rest of its history. This area is further divided into Neustria in the west (which is simply referred to as Franks at that time; Neustria name does not appear in writing until 80 years later), Austrasia in the northeast, and Burgundy.
Throughout the remainder of the 6th century, and the beginning of the 7th century, the Swiss region was under Frankish hegemony, with many Frankish nation covered with disputes over the issue of succession among the sub-Frankish kingdom (which the king is a blood-borne). In 632, following the death of Chlothar II, the entire territory of Frankish united in a short time under Dagobert I, who is mentioned as the last Merovingian king who could carry out royal duties. Under Dagobert I, Austrasian agitated for self-government as a tool to face the effect of Neustria, which dominates the royal court. Dagobert forced by aristocrats Austrasian strong to lift the infant child, Sigibert III, as a subordinate king of Austrasia in 633. The weakness of the new government to be real, and lead them subjugated by the Franks who consider the cost-benefit uprising. After Sigibert III suffered a military defeat at the hands Radulf, King Thüringen in the year 640, Alemani tribes rebelled against Frankish rule. Next Allemani independence period lasts approximately until the middle of the 8th century.
Palace guardian has been appointed by the Frankish king as court officials since the beginning of the 7th century to act as a mediator between the king and the people. However, following the death of Dagobert I in 639, with the heir to the crown was a toddler in Neustria (Chlodwig II-2 years old) and Austrasia (Sigibert III-aged about 4 years), the officials gain greater power, finally put an end to power Merovingian rulers, and took over the Frankish throne itself. The first step taken by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Grimoald I, convincing Sigibert III childless to adopt his own son Childebert Boy Pick up as heir to the throne.
At the same time in the palace of Neustria, Mayor of the Palace Erchinoald, and his successor, Ebroin, also increased his power behind Chlodwig II, and his successor Chlothar III. Ebroin reunify the Frankish kingdom by defeating, and ejecting Childebert (and Grimoald) of Austrasia in 661.
The youngest son Chlothar III, Childerich II ditabalkan as King of Austrasia, and together they ruled the country. When Chlothar III died in 673, Childerich II became king of the whole country, the ruling of Austrasia, until he was assassinated two years later by members of the elite Neustria. After his death, Theuderich III, son Chlodwig II, ascended the throne, ruling of Neustria. He and his court trustee Berchar, declared war on Austrasia, ruled by Dagobert II, son Sigibert III, and Pippin from Heristal (Pippin II), Mayor of Austrasia. Theuderich and Berchar defeated by Pippin in the Battle Tertry (687), after which Pippin was appointed as the sole mayor of the whole nation Franks, declared themselves as Duke and Prince all nations Frankish. Pippin is the result of a powerful dynasty of marriage 2; House of Pippin and Arnulf. Tertry mark his victory at the end of the Merovingian power.
Pippin again felt a military victory in the campaign to bring back the nation Frisia in the north coast of Europe back to the Frankish nation control. Between 709-712, he fought in similar campaigns against the Alemanni, including those at the Swiss border now, and managed to sit again Frankish ruler, the first since the uprising Alemanni in 640. However, the control of the nation's top Frankish, and other surrounding areas lost when war struggle for the throne among the Franks broke out following the death of Pippin in 714 years.
The war is a continuation of the competition Neustria-Austrasian endless. Pippin son born out of wedlock, Karl Martell (son of Pippin lover Chalpaida), has been declared as the Mayor of Austrasia by nobles Austrasian contrary to the widow of Pippin, Plektrudis, who prefer cucundanya Theudoald who was 8 years old, to be appointed. Attacking Neustria Austrasia under Chilperich II that have been raised by the people of Frankish Neustria without the consent of other nations. The turning point of the war occurred in the Battle Ambleve, when Karl Martell defeated the forces of Neustria building, and Frisians under Chilperich II and Mayor Raganfrid using sniper tactics, and unusual. Karl Neustria hit when troops were marching home after victory in Köln on Plektrudis, and his son Theudoald.
From the year 717, Karl has asserted its superiority, with victory over Neustia in the Battle of Vincy, then started Karolingia authority over Frankish Empire.
After the year 718, Karl, who was the commander of a skilful, began a series of wars to reinforce the dominance of the nation Frankish over Western Europe, which included bringing back the nation Alemannia under the hegemony of the nation Franks, and even, in 720's, forcing some elements Alemannia participate as well as in its war against their neighbors to the east, Bayern.
However, Alemania remain jittery, with Duke Lantfrid in the late 720's, expresses independence by issuing a revision of the laws of the nation Alemania. Karl attacked again in 730 and conquered nation with weapons Alemania.
Karl perhaps best known for stopping the advance of the Arabs to Western Europe in the Battle of Tours in 732.
When Karl died in the year 741, dominion over the Frankish divided between his two sons from the first marriage, namely the Midget and Karlmann Pippin. Karlmann given Austrasia, Alemania, and Thuringia, while Pippin take control of Neustria, Provence and Burgundy (including Switzerland West now).
From the year 743, Karlmann vowed to enforce greater control over Alemania, and ultimately resulted in the arrest, detention, and execution of several thousand nobles Alemani in a bloody court in Cannstatt, 746.
Karlmann retreated to a monastery in the year 747, leaving Pippin get Frankish throne (after a vote among the nobility) in the year 751. Furthermore, Pippin strengthen its position by forming an alliance, in 754, by Pope Stephen II, who then fully come to Paris to give a ceremonial holy oil over it as kings in the Basilica of St. Denis. In turn, Pippin subjecting Lombardia and contribute to Keeksarkaan Ravenna and occupied the area around Rome to the church. This is a turning point in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and Western Europe, since then foreshadowed the events under Charlemagne toward the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire. Stated that Pope Stephen II suspend forged Donation of Constantine, during his talks with Pippin. The donation is a forged imperial decree to be recognized issued by Constantine to reward dominion to Pope Sylvester I, and all his successors over the area that is not only the Western Roman Empire, but also all parts of Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace and Rome.
At the time of Pippin's death in 768, passed on to his son Frankish Empire of Charlemagne and Karlmann I. Karlmann withdrew to the monastery, and died shortly thereafter, leaving Karl, later known as the legendary Charlemagne, as the Frankish ruler only. Charlemagne develop Frankish sovereignty to include Saxony, Bavaria and Lombardia in northern Italy, and he developed his empire into Austrian region now, and part of Croatia. He offered the promise of protection Frankish continuous to the Franks, and he treats the monastery as a learning center.
Charlemagne later emerged as the leader of the Christian West.
From the year 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised of a dominion of the House of Savoia, Zahringer, Habsburg and Kyburg. When the Kyburg dynasty fell in 1264, Habsburg under King Rudolf I (became emperor in 1273) expands his territory to the Swiss plateau.

Ancient Swiss Confederation.

Ancient Swiss Confederation is a partnership between Alpine Valley community center. The Confederation facilitate the management of common interests (free trade) and ensure the safety of vital trade lanes mountain. Federal Charter of 1291 agreed between the rural communes Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden is considered as the founding document of the confederation; though similar alliances may already exist a few decades earlier.

From the year 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by Glarus and Zug and the city states Lucerna, Zurigo and Berna to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight countries that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to an increase in power and wealth for the federation. From 1460, the confederation is in control most of the south, and west of the Rhine to the Alps and Jura, especially after the victory against the House of Habsburg (Battle of Sempach and Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470's, and the success of a soldier rental Switzerland. Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 culminated in de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire.

Ancient Swiss Confederation has earned a reputation as select sparring against the early wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 due to the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano, an end to the "heroic" in the history of Switzerland. The success of Zwingli's Reformation in the canton beberrapa cause inter-cantonal wars in 1529 and 1531 (Kappeler Kriege). Not until more than 100 years later, in 1648, under the Treaty of Westphalia, European countries recognized the independence of Switzerland from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality (ancien régime).
During the modern period in Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism in the family patrisiat, and the financial crisis at the outbreak of the Thirty Years War pose a Swiss farmer war 1653. Against the backdrop of this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons conical, erupted into violence continued in the Battle of Villmergen in 1656 and 1712.

Napoleon era.

In 1798, the troops of the French Revolution conquered Switzerland and uniformly enforce the new constitution, which concentrates land administration, and effectively abolished the cantons. The new regime, known as the Republic of Helvetia, very unpopular. This country is made by a foreign aggressor troops, and destroying a tradition that has lasted for centuries, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. French tremendous oppression in Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 is an example of the repression by the French Army and the local population over the resistance to the occupation.
When war broke out between France and its rival, the Russian forces, and the Habsburg attack Switzerland. In 1803, Napoleon organized a meeting of Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result is that many recovering Mediation Law Swiss autonomy and introduced a confederation on 19 cantons. Henceforth, many political Swiss cantons that will balance tradition on self-government by the central government purposes.
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna completely restore the independence of Switzerland and European countries agreed to recognize the neutrality of Switzerland permanently. The agreement marks the moment when Switzerland battle for the last time in an international conflict. The treaty also allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the inclusion of Canton Wallis, Neuchâtel and Genève - this is also for the last time Switzerland develop its territory.

Federal state.

Restoration of power to patrisiat only temporary. After the riot with violent collisions that occur repeatedly as Züriputsch in 1839, civil war broke out between the Catholic cantons, and several other cantons in 1847 (Sonderbundskrieg). The war lasted for a month, leaving less than 100 casualties. However small Sonderbundskrieg apparent when compared to the war and unrest in other European in the 19th century, Sonderbundskrieg leaving a huge impact for psychology and society Switzerland. The war made all Swiss understand the need for unity and strength to its European neighbors. Swiss people from all levels of society, whether Catholic, Protestant, or from liberals and conservatives, aware that the cantons would be much beneficial if economic interests, and religious combined. Thanks to those who support the power of the cantons (Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (Council of State Switzerland) and lower house (the National Council of Switzerland). Thus, the interest was calculated federasionalis. Switzerland adopted a federal constitution and the use of referendums (obligatory for any constitutional amendment) in 1848. The constitution provides centralized power for self-government on local issues when separated from the canton. In 1850, the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency. The Constitution was amended extensively in 1874 to respond to increasing population, and the Industrial Revolution. The constitution introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. The constitution also specifies federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters.
In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements on direct democracy, which remain unique until now. Since then, the improvement of political, economic, social and sustainable already characterize the history of Switzerland.

Modern history.

Switzerland was not attacked during the second World War. During World War I, Switzerland is home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) and remained there until 1917. Swiss neutrality had been questioned by the Grimm-Hoffmann events in 1917, but it was brief. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League, and the Council of Europe in 1963.
During World War II, a detailed attack plan prepared by Germany, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland can remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, economic concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war postpone the mission. Experiments by a small Swiss Nazi Party to cause Anschluss by Germany failed miserably. Swiss press has strongly criticized the Third Reich, often infuriating its leadership. Under General Henri Guisan, mass mobilization commanded militant forces. Swiss military strategy changed from one of static defense at the borders to protect the economic heart into a long-term shift in strategy, organization, and withdrawal into a strong position, and be equipped both above the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland became an important base for espionage by both sides during the conflict, and often mediates communication between the Axis and the Allies.
Swiss trade blocked by the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation, and additional loans to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood invasion, and the presence of other trading partners. Concessions peaked one week after an important railway network across the French Vichy worsened in 1942, led to Switzerland completely surrounded by the Allies. Along the way the war, Switzerland hold more than 300,000 refugees, 104,000 foreign troops, interned according to the Rights and Duties of Neutral Blocks outlined in the Hague Convention. 60,000 displaced civilians who have fled from persecution by the Nazis. Of these, 26000-27000 are Jewish. However, immigration policy, and asylum strict as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany led to controversy. During the war, the Swiss Air Force aircraft hired on both sides, shooting down 11 Luftwaffe aircraft nuisance in May and June 1940, then also other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany; more than 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned during the war. Between the years 1944-1945, Allied bombers bombed the town haphazardly Schaffhausen (killing 40 people), Stein am Rhein, Vals, Rafz (18 inhabitants were killed), and the most unpopular, on March 4, 1945 Basilea and Zürich were bombed.

Women are given the right to vote in at canton level in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, and after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures in 1990. After suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political interest, where the first woman to become a member of the high council is Elisabeth Kopp (1984-1989). The first female president was Ruth Dreifuss, elected in 1998 to become president in 1999. (Swiss President elected each year from among the seven member high council). The second female president is Micheline Calmy-Rey in high office in Switzerland in 2007. He came from the Canton Valais (German: Wallis) who said that the French language. Now she was joined by seven members of the cabinet / high council by two other women, Doris Leuthard from Canton Argovie and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf from Canton Grischun.
In 1979, the area inside the border of Canton Berne escape, forming Cantonese Giura. On April 18, 1999, the population and cantons of Switzerland voiced regarding the revised federal constitution is perfect.
In 2002, Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican as a sovereign state, last but not join the United Nations. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. Request membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not continue since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum to the EEA. It's happened several referendums on EU issues, with mixed reactions to it from the population, membership application has been frozen. However, gradually adapted to EU law and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the EU. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by EU member states since the membership of Austria in 1995. On June 5, 2005, voters in Switzerland with approval by a 55% majority to join the Schengen agreement, the results are regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that long ago touted as an independent state, neutral, or isolationist.

Politics.

Switzerland is a federal republic.

Legislative.

National Council
Council of State

Executive.

Swiss government system is unique. Being a federal state since 1848. The Swiss adheres to the system of direct democracy, and the rule is composed by 7 members elected by the Federal Assembly. Seven of them at once led the major departments. Their status can also be called a minister. Interestingly, seven options it turns into a president. Position as president each for one year.
If the simplified Switzerland which covers 41 400 km2 led collectively by a presidium consisting of seven people. Chairman of the presidium which it holds the presidency rotates. With federal systems, federal states called cantons. There are 26 cantons are now gathered into Switzerland. A total of 17 cantons is the canton Swiss-German (German speaking), 4 cantons Swiss-Romande (French-speaking), 1 canton speak Italian (Ticino), 3 canton bilingual French-German, and one canton (Graubünden) trilingual German, Italian, and Rumantsch. That is why the national language in Switzerland there are four.
Canton-canton has a wide autonomy as a federal state system of things. They determine the full rules of the area. International affairs, justice, defense, public finance held by the central government. While the members of the parliament (Federal Assembly) derived from messenger canton. Those that determine the seven chief ministers who will be president in turn. The President as head of state also serves as head of government (Prime Minister).

Judiciary.

General elections.
Cantonese.

Swiss Confederation is divided into 26 cantons, namely :

Aargau
Appenzell Innerrhoden
Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Basel-Stadt
Basel-Landschaft
Bern
Fribourg
Geneva
Glarus
Graubünden
Jura
Luzern
Neuchatel
Nidwalden
Obwalden
Schaffhausen
Schwyz
Solothurn
St. Gallen
Thurgau
Ticino
Afterbirth
Valais
Vaud
Zug
Zürich

Economy.

Switzerland has a very stable economy, prosperous, and high-tech. In 2011, the country is included in the group of the wealthiest countries in the world by per capita income. The country was ranked nineteenth on the size of gross domestic product and is ranked 36th by purchasing power parity. Switzerland also ranks 20th in exports, despite its small size. Switzerland also received the highest rating in the European Economic Freedom Index 2010. The country's per capita income was higher than in most other Western European countries, and Japan.

Switzerland became the origin of several multinational companies. The Swiss company, among others Glencore, Nestlé, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco. Another well-known companies including UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Tetra Pak and The Swatch Group. Switzerland has the largest economies in the world.
Switzerland is the main economic sectors of production. The main production sectors including chemical, medicine, precision measuring instruments, and musical instruments. Biggest export goods are chemicals (34% of total exports), machinery / electronics (20.9%), and other instruments (16.9%). Exports of services contribute to a third of total exports. The services sector - particularly banking, insurance, tourism, and international organizations is also an important industry for Switzerland.
Approximately 3.8 million people work in Switzerland, and 25% of workers to join a union (2004). Swss has a more flexible job market than neighboring countries, and the country's unemployment rate is very low, ranging from 1.7% (June 2000) to 4.4% (December 2009). Population growth due to immigrants is also quite high, approximately 0.52% of the population in 2004. The population of foreigners in this country ranges from 21.8% in 2004.

Language.

- German language
- French language
- Italian language
- Romansh language
- German Switzerland
- Language Francoprovençal
- Language Franche-Comté
- Language Lombardia

Demographics.

Switzerland lies between the various European cultures which in turn affects the country. There are three official national languages, namely German, French and Italian; as well as one local official language, Romansh language. The federal government is obliged to use the three official languages, and in parliament provided a translator. Each student should learn one of Switzerland's official languages ​​other that most of the population is bilingual. Since the number of residents, and foreign workers (about 20%), English is also widely used.
The most widely practiced religion in Switzerland is Roman Catholicism practiced by 45% of the population. There are also around 35% Protestant and immigration have brought in Islam and Eastern Orthodox respectively 2.5% and 1.5%. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/do-you-know-about-swiss.html
DatePublished: September 2, 2015 at 18:26

Tag : Do You Know About Swiss.

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Do You Know Urdu.

Urdu or Urdu Zabaan is one of the youngest language of Indo-Aryan branch. The word 'Urdu' comes from the Turkish language 'Ordu' meaning camp or tent. This language was originally estimated Khari Boli roots of the language spoken by the inhabitants of the city of New Delhi.
The origin of these languages ​​are also many versions, one of which is that in the period between the years 413-583 AH is a period in which the Persian and Turkish-speaking Muslims began to migrate to the mainland Hindustan, especially Punjab. These immigrants made up the army, and the clergy. The scholars began to spread the teachings of Islam to this region at the same time. Mixed marriages between immigrants from Persia and the local population was there, and eventually led to a mixture of Persian and Punjabi language which became the forerunner of the birth of Urdu. There is another version which revealed that during the transfer of power Qutubuddin Aibak from Lahore to New Delhi in 1193 also raises the interaction between the authorities and local residents so comes as a language called Urdu.
Other Names Urdu: Dakhini (Dakani, Deccan, Desia, Mirgan), Pinjari, Rekhta (Rekhti). In southern India name changed to Dakhini, whereas in the southwest of India into Gurjari. In the area of ​​New Delhi the name was changed from Hindi into Hindavi and Hindustani.

The spread of the language.

This language is used around approximately 100 million Muslim people in Pakistan and India. Urdu is actually similar to Hindi, because the roots are similar to those of Sanskrit is the mother of all languages ​​in the subcontinent.
Number of native speakers of Urdu currently reaches 60.29 million inhabitants and 104 million people including using it as a second language (1999).
In addition to the above two countries, Urdu is also used by about 600 thousand Bihari Muslims who live in refugee camps Bangladesh.

Relations Urdu and Hindi.

Urdu and Hindi are basically the same language, so the British colonial period in order to bridge the differences between Hinduism and Islam are tapered at that time, in use the term Hindustani. However, since the splitting of India and Pakistan in 1947, the term is sticking Hindi and Urdu.
Hindi and Urdu speakers in everyday conversation can understand each other because of the many similarities in the vocabulary. Both of these languages ​​also form Hindustani, which is one language with the largest number of speakers in the world and the most preferred.

However, a fundamental difference of these two languages ​​are :

* Vocabulary of Urdu.

Absorbing many words from Arabic and Persian languages, while Hindi is more inclined to the revival of the words in Sanskrit.

* The writing system.

Hindi uses the Devanagari alphabet while Urdu wearing Arab-Persian writing systems with the addition of certain letters and written through Nastaliq system.
The more fundamental difference which causes Hindi and Urdu speakers have difficulty in understanding each other's language. Urdu speakers would be able to understand the Bollywood films that speak Hindi, but will have difficulty in understanding the news broadcasts in these languages ​​because of the influence of Sanskrit in Hindi, and vice versa.

The status of the language.

Is an official language in Pakistan, even though the native speakers only 8% of the population and generally come from the Mohajir exodus from India in 1947. While in India, Urdu is also one of the official languages ​​with a concentration of speakers in the state Jammu- Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Urdu literature.

Urdu is a very rich language, and high flavor. Lots of literary works written in this language and influential in the world of literature, both in the South Asia region, and the Islamic world in general. Urdu poetry for the first time written by Masud Saad Salman in 1066 AD. Streams of literature (prose and poetry) in Urdu very much, such as:
Ghazal
Rubai
Afsaana
Daastaan
Margie
Nauha
Noha
Geet
Qaseeda
Besides a lot of Islamic writings were written in Urdu and has been translated into various languages ​​in the world, for example the works of Muhammad Iqbal were very prominent.

Urdu dialect.

In the process, Urdu is also divided into several dialects, dialect known among other Dakhini or Deccan used in South India region, and the difference with Baku are fewer Urdu words of Arabic-Persian therein. While Rekhna is a variant used in Urdu literature.

Example.

Salaam! / Adaab! = Hello!
Kaise hain aap? / Aap kaa hai kiyaa thing? = How are you?
Main Theek hun = Doing well
Shukriya = Thank you
Kiyaa aap kaa naam hai? = What is your name?
Meraa naam ... .hai = My name is ...
Khuda Hafiz! / Allah Hafiz! = Farewell!
hallo how are friends

Similarities and differences between Hindi and Urdu.

Relations Hindi and Urdu.

Equation:

• Hindi and Urdu, including Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European languages, which evolved from the classical Indian language of Sanskrit. Both evolved from khadi boli language which is used in Delhi and surrounding areas.

• In terms of grammar both.
• In everyday conversation (informal) Hindi and Urdu speakers can understand each other. In the context of everyday use is often called the Hindustani language.
• core vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit.

Differences:

HINDI.

• Written with Devanagari alphabet (which is also used to write Marathi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Konkani). Examples Hindi word written हिन्दी or हिंदी.

• In the context of official atmosphere (formal) use a lot of Hindi vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit. Examples official language is used in the field of governance, the field of religion (Hindu), TV news broadcasts, official meetings or terms of disciplines. Hindi the official vocabulary Sanskrit Hindi also called standard or pure Hindi or shuddh hindi.

• Status as the first official language in India (but not all Indians can speak Hindi, some regard it as their mother tongue first, there is also considered as a second language in addition to regional languages ​​and some are not at all.
• Hindi identified with the Indian Hindu.

URDU.

• Written in Arabic Alphabet with Nastaaliq style. Examples of Urdu words written اردو

• In the context of the official (formal) urdu many uses vocabulary that comes from Persian and Arabic. Examples official language is used in the field of governance, the field of religion (Islam), TV news broadcasts, official meetings or terms of disciplines.

• Have status of one of the languages ​​recognized by the Government of India (contained in the legislation along with 18 other languages), whereas in Pakistan the status of state language.

The point until now no Hindi and Urdu were considered the same language there also are considered different languages.

Is Bollywood films using Hindi or Urdu?

In the film used to mix both, as I explained that the daily use of Hindi and Urdu are the same language, each of which speakers can understand one another, often also referred to as Hindustani language. Typically title bollywood movies written by Hindi & Urdu:

KHUSHI Kabhi Kabhi Gham
Hindi: कभी ख़ुशी कभी ग़म
Urdu: کبھی خوشی کبھی غم

MAIN HOON NA
Hindi: मैं हूं ना
Urdu: میں ہوں نا

Fiza
Hindi: फ़िज़ा
Urdu: فضا

Dil Hai Tumhara
Hindi: दिल है तुम्हारा
Urdu: دل ہے تمہارا

GHAJINI
Hindi: गजनी
Urdu: گجینی

PLAYERS
Hindi: प्लेयर्स
Urdu: پلییرس
Etc.

Only in dialogue bollywood films also often includes vocabulary from other languages, especially Panjabi, Marathi, Gujrati, Bengali and English.

You may often hear words like: Mohabbat, Intazaar because, Intazaam because, err, Insaaf, qadam (kadam), Qasam (Kassam), Ghalat, Sahi, Najaayaz, mumkin, Jawaani, Ittafaq, Zeher, Qurbaan (Kurbaan), Manzur, Nazar, Haq, Original and asliyat, Insaan and Insaaniyat, qanoon (kanoon), Kaghaz, Shuru karna and Shuruat, Yaqeen (Yakeen), Death, Zinda and Zindagi, Farz, Museebat, Subah, Qaidi (Kaidi), Hiraasat, Aazad, trips can, Dost, Safar, Aaadat, Qareeb (Kareeb), Khayal, Dimaagh, Lekin, Jannat, Nark, Qabil (Cain), Taraqqi, Vaada, Mehnat, Arzoo, Junoon, Mard, Aurat, Gadar, Hamla?

Vocabularies are not the original vocabulary of Hindi, but the vocabulary of Urdu (which are all derived from Arabic and Persian). Even so native speakers hindi already understand and are often used primarily in everyday use. Even so each has its equivalent in Hindi (Hindi standard) derived from Sanskrit, for example:

Intazaar karna = Prateeksha because, Insaaf = nyaay, Mohabbat = Prem, Pyaar, Haq = Adhikaar, Aadmi = Vyakti, Taraqqi = Unnati, Lekin = Kintu, Parantu, Aazad = Autonomous, Insaan = Manushya, Zinda = Jivit, Death = Mrityu, Mehnat = Parishram, Aurat = Mahila, Vaada = Vachan. Dost = Partner, Hamla = Akraman et cetera.

Examples:
"Are you waiting for someone?"
(Standards) Hindi: क्या आप किसी की प्रतीकशा (का इन्तज़ार) कर रहे हैं?
"Kya aap ki lattice prateeksha (ka intazaar) kar rahe hain?"

Urdu: کیا آپ کسی کا انتظارکر رہے ہیں
"Lattice aap ka kya kar rahe hain intazaar?"

Note: In some Hindi dictionary vocabulary above standards will not be found. So if you want to understand the dialogue besides Hindi Bollywood should also use Urdu dictionary.

So it's up to you, whether Hindi & Urdu languages ​​the same or different? .. Because it is unique and confusing ... if you ask for example, "Aap Kaise hain?" Or "Subah Subah itni aawaz Kyon? Ye sab kya ho raha hai? "To the speakers of Hindi (or not speakers) then surely you will be called" speaking Hindi "and if to speakers of Urdu (both in India and Pakistan) then you are called" speaking Urdu ".  Thank you have read this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/do-you-know-urdu.html
DatePublished: August 30, 2015 at 18:28

Tag : Do You Know Urdu.

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Do You Know Vedic Sanskrit.

Sanskrit Vedas or abbreviated as the language of the Vedas is the language used in the scriptures of the Vedas, the sacred texts of the start of India. The earliest Vedic texts that Ṛgweda, estimated to be written in the 2nd millennium BC, and the use of language of the Vedas implemented until approximately the year 500 BC, when the classical Sanskrit language was codified Panini begin to appear.
Vedic form of Sanskrit is a close derivative of Proto-Indo-Iranian, and still pretty similar (with a difference of approximately 1,500 years) of Proto-Indo-Europa, which reconstructed the form language of all Indo-European languages. Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest language is still found on the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The language is still very close to the language of Avesta, the sacred language of religion Zoroastrianism. Kinship between Sanskrit languages ​​of more recent European languages ​​such as Greek, Latin and English can be seen in the following words: Ing. mother / Skt. मतृ MATR or Ing. father / Skt. पितृ pitṛ.
An other interesting equation can be found from Sanskrit and Persian words below sthaan and staan ​​which means "land" or "state" (related to the English word that means to stand "stand").

History.

Five different stages can be distinguished in the development of the Vedic language.

Rgweda.

Book Rgweda contains most forms arkhais of all Vedic texts and still also contains many elements along the Indo-Iranian language in both form and content language text, which is not found in the other Vedic texts. Except for some parts, (book 1st to 10th), is expected to have finished Rgweda book written in 1500 BC.

Mantra language.

This period includes both the mantra and prose language in the book Atharva Veda (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), Rgweda Khilani, Samaveda Samhita (containing approximately 75 spells that do not exist in the book Rgweda), and spells Yajurveda. These texts are largely taken from Rgweda, but it has changed a lot, both in terms of linguistic and commentary. Some important changes including changing wiṣwa word "all" being sarwa, and widespread forms of basic verbs kuru- (in the book written Rgweda krno-). This period coincided with the rise of the early Iron Age in northwest India (iron was first mentioned in the book Atharva Veda), and the emergence of the Kuru kingdom, approximately in the 12th century BC.

Samhita prose text.

This period is characterized by the emergence of collecting and codifying the canon of the Vedas. An important linguistic change is the disappearance of injunktivus nd in modes aorist. Courant comment Yajurveda (MS, KS) included in this period.

Brahmana prose text.

The texts themselves of Chess Vedic brahmanas including this period, as well as the oldest Upanishads (BAU, Chu, JUB).

Silk language.

This language is the last stage of Vedic Sanskrit language until about 500 BC, contains most Śrauta and Grhya Sutras, and some Upanishads (eg Kathu, MaitrU. Some of the more recent Upanishads including the post-Vedic).
Around the year 500 BC factors of cultural, political and linguistic contribute in ending the Vedic period. Codification Vedic rites peaked, and movements such as Vedanta rival and earlier forms of Buddhism, who prefers to use the language of the people rather than Sanskrit Pali in writing their texts, began to emerge. King Darius I of Persia invaded the Indus Valley and the center of political power in India began to move eastward, to around the river Ganges.

Grammar.

Vedic Sanskrit had a labial fricative sounds [f], called upadhmaniya, and a velar fricative [x], called jihwamuliya. Both are allophones than visarga: upadhmaniya appear before p and ph, jihwamuliya before k and kh. Vedic Sanskrit also has a special letter ळ (Devanagari script) for l retrofleks, an allophone between vowels d, which is unusual in as L or LH switch. In distinguishing l vokalik than retrofleks l, l vokalik sometimes on the switch by using diacritical mark a circle under the letter, L; if this is done, r vokalik also depicted with a circle, R, for the sake of consistency principle.
Vedic Sanskrit is a language that has a pitch accent (Indonesia?). Due to a small number of words according to Vedic pelafazan contains a so-called independent swarita on a short vowel, it can be said that the language of the Vedas "cutting edge" is a tone language marginally. However, please note that the versions Rgweda metrics that have been reconstructed, almost every syllable containing swarita must be returned to a two-syllable sequence in which the first contains a anusvara and the second contains the so-called free swarita. So early Vedic language is not a language but a language that tone using the pitch accent.
In addition it has a shape subjunktivus Vedic language, which is not mentioned in the grammar Panini and is generally considered to have been lost at the time, at least in a general sentence construction.
I-long basis to distinguish inflection Goddess and inflection Wrkis, a distinction that has been lost in the classical Sanskrit language.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/do-you-know-vedic-sanskrit.html
DatePublished: August 30, 2015 at 11:45

Tag : Do You Know Vedic Sanskrit.

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Do You Know Sanskrit.

Sanskrit (spelling not standardized: Sanskrit) is one of the Indo-European languages ​​most parents are still known and among the longest history. Language which can match its 'age' the language of Indo-European language family Het language only. The Sanskrit word, in Sanskrit language Saṃskṛtabhāsa means perfect. That is, the opposite of Prakrit language, or the language of the people.
Sanskrit is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages ​​of India. This language also has the same status in Nepal.

Its position in the cultures of South Asia and Southeast Asia is similar to the position of Latin and Greek in Europe. Sanskrit evolved into many modern languages ​​in the Indian subcontinent. This language appears in the form of pre-classic as the language of the Vedas. Rgweda contained in the book is the phase of the oldest and most arkhais. This text is thought to originate from approximately 1700 BC and Vedic Sanskrit is an Indo-Aryan language of the oldest found and one member of the Indo-European language family which is the oldest.

Khazanah Sanskrit literature includes poetry that has a rich tradition, drama and also the texts of scientific, technical, philosophical, and religious. Currently Sanskrit is still widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu ceremonies in the form stotra and spells. Sanskrit language spoken is still used in some traditional institutions in India and there are even some attempt to revive Sanskrit.
Which will be discussed in this article is the Classical Sanskrit as reviewed the essay Panini Sanskrit grammar, in about 500 BC.

History.

Saṃskṛta- adjective meaning "cultured". The language referred to as saṃskṛtā VAK "language of culture" by definition has always been a language that is "high", used for religious purposes and scientific purposes and contrary to the language spoken by the common people. This language is also called deva-bhāṣā which means "language of gods". Sanskrit grammar is the oldest still preserved bouquet Pāṇini and entitled Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Grammar Eight Chapters") that more or less comes from the 5th century BC. This grammar is primarily a normative or prescriptive grammar which mainly regulate the use of standardized manner and not descriptive, although this grammar also contains descriptive parts especially regarding Vedic forms that are not used anymore in the days of Panini.

Sanskrit including Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. Together with the Iranian languages, including Sanskrit Indo-Iranian language family and is part of a group Satem language of Indo-European languages, which also includes the Balto-Slavic branch.
When the Sanskrit term emerged in India, this language is not seen as a distinct language from other languages, but primarily as a form of subtle or cultured in speech. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and language is mainly taught to members of higher castes, through a careful analysis of the grammar of Sanskrit linguist like Pāṇini. Sanskrit as the language of the educated in India are in addition to the languages ​​Prakreta which is the language of the people and finally evolved into a language-modern Indo-Aryan languages ​​(Hindi, Assamese language, Urdu, Bengali and so on). Most of the Dravidian languages ​​of India, although a part of different language families, they are strongly influenced Sanskrit, especially in the form of loan words. Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam have the largest number of words uptake while Tamil has the lowest. The influence of Sanskrit on these languages ​​recognized by the discourse of Tat Sama ("together") and Tat Bhava ("roots"). While the Sanskrit itself is also getting language Dravidian substratum influence since the very beginning.

Vedic Sanskrit.

Sanskrit Vedas or abbreviated as the language of the Vedas is the language used in the scriptures of the Vedas, the sacred texts of the start of India. The earliest Vedic texts that Ṛgweda, estimated to be written in the 2nd millennium BC, and the use of language of the Vedas implemented until approximately the year 500 BC, when the classical Sanskrit language was codified Panini begin to appear.
Vedic form of Sanskrit is a close derivative of Proto-Indo-Iranian, and still pretty similar (with a difference of approximately 1,500 years) of Proto-Indo-Europa, which reconstructed the form language of all Indo-European languages. Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest language is still found on the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The language is still very close to the language of Avesta, the sacred language of religion Zoroastrianism. Kinship between Sanskrit languages ​​of more recent European languages ​​such as Greek, Latin and English can be seen in the following words: Ing. mother / Skt. मतृ MATR or Ing. father / Skt. पितृ pitṛ.

Research by the Europeans.

Research Sanskrit by Europeans started by Heinrich Roth (1620-1668) and Johann Ernst Hanxleden (1681-1731), and continued with proposals Indo-European language family by Sir William Jones. It plays an important role in the development of comparative linguistics in the Western World.
Sir William Jones, on the occasion of lecturing to Asiatick Society of Bengal in Calcutta, February 2, 1786, said:
"" Sanskrit, however old-fashioned it, has amazing structure; more perfect than Greek, more extensive than Latin and more refined and cultured than both, but has been linked more closely on both, either in the form of root words workplace or grammatical form, which can not happen just by chance; a very close relationship, so no one linguist who could examine all three, without believing that they arise from the same source, that possibility is not there. " "
Indeed, linguistics (along with phonology, etc.) First appeared among the ancient Indian grammarian who sought to establish laws Sanskrit. Modern linguistic science owes much to them and today many key terms such as bahuvrihi and devotion sounds taken from Sanskrit.

Some traits.

Case.

One of the major features of Sanskrit was a case in this language, which amounted to 8. In Latin were still allied there were only 5 cases. In addition there are three genders in Sanskrit, masculine, feminine and neuter and three mode number, singular, dual and plural:
a). nominative
b). vocative
c). accusative case
d). instrumentalist case
e). dative case
f). ablative case
g). genitive
h). locative case

Examples Sanskrit writings.

Below is presented an example of all cases of a singular masculine word deva (god, God or King).

Singular:

nom. devas meaning: "Gods"
VOK. (he) deva meaning: "O Gods"
ak. devam meaning: "to god" and so on.
inst. devena meaning: "the gods" and so on.
dat. devāya meaning: "the Gods"
ab. devāt meaning "of the Gods"
gen. Devasya meaning: "Papa God"
lok. deve meaning: "in god"

Dualis:

nva Devaux
ida devābhyām
gl devayos

Plural:

nv Devas
A Devan
i devais
da devebhyas
g Devanam
l deveṣu

The basic scheme deklensi suffixes to nouns and properties.

The basic scheme deklensi Sanskrit words for objects and properties are presented below.
This scheme applies to most of the words.
                                  Single           Dualis           Plural
Nominative:                  -s                 -au                -as
                                    (-m)               (-i)                (-i)

Accusative:                  -am                -as               -au
                                    (-m)                (-i)               (-i)

Instrumentalists:           -a               -bhyām          -bhis
Dative:                          -e               -bhyām          -bhyas
Ablative:                       -as             -bhyām          -bhyas
Genitive:                       -os             -as                 -am
Locative:                       -i               -os                 -sU
Vocative:                      -s               -au                 -as
                                     (-)               (-i)                (-i)

Principal-a.

Principal-a (/ ə / or / ɑː /) covers grades largest noun suffix. Usually words ending with short -a androgynous masculine or neuter. Nouns that end in -a long (/ ɑː /) almost always feminine. This class is great because it also includes the suffix -o from Proto-Indo-European.

Sandhi law.

Additionally in Sanskrit obtained what is called the law of sandhi, a phonetic phenomenon in which two different sounds that can be assimilated adjacent.

The formation of compound words.

Of compound words in Sanskrit is very widely used, especially the nouns. These words can be very long (more than 10 words). Nominal compound occurs in several forms, but morphologically they are actually the same. Each noun (or adjective) contained in the form of roots (weak form), with the final element are estimated according to the case.
Some examples of nominal noun or compound including the categories be described below.
1. Avyayibhāva
2. Tatpuruṣa
3. Karmadhāraya
4. Dvigu
5. Dvandva
6. Bahuvrīhi

Sanskrit in some alphabet.

Hopefully sentence Batara Siwa fans feel the language of the Gods. (Kalidasa) in Sanskrit using some derivative Brahmi script. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/do-you-know-sanskrit.html
DatePublished: August 30, 2015 at 11:05

Tag : Do You Know Sanskrit.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Doctors secret recipe.

Laymen are not going to be able to read the orders given by a doctor in a recipe. But after reading this article will probably add a little bit of your knowledge of what is written in prescription of your doctor. Doctors often prescribe the format of the word "chicken claw". And if we look at the Latin abbreviation is often used to prescribe such as: Sig: I tabs po b.i.d p.c. which means taking 1 tablet 2x daily after meals.

Some secret writings in the prescription :

a.c. : Ante coenam: before meals
a.d / AD: aurio dexter: right ear
a.l. : Aurio Laeva: left ear
U.S. / US: Auris sinister: left ear
a.u. / AU: Auris utro: both ears
aa: anna: under the same dose of the drug to the top
ad ad: up to: up
ad. Lib. : Ad libitum: use as you wish (free)
alt. die. : Alternus die: every other day
alt. h. : Alternus hora: every other hour
amp. : Ampule: 1 dose unit
aq: aqua: water

B.D. : Bis die: 2x a day
b.i.d. : Bis in die: 2x a day
b.i.n. : Bis in noctus: 2x overnight
bis: bis: twice
bol. : Bolus: as much as a single dose

cap: capsule: capsules
cc: cum cibos: with food
cc: cubic Centimetres: cubic centimeters
comp. : Comsitus: diloleskan

d: dies: day
dtd: da tales doses: the dose specified in recipes divided by a number of sections according numero
Diebat. alt. : Diebus alternis: every other day
div. : Divide: split

emp. : Ex modo prescripto: according to instructions
emul. : Emulsio: emulsion
eq. pts. : Equalis partis: equal parts
aq ex: ex aqua: in water

fl. / Fld. : Fluid: liquid

g: g: gram
gr: grain: grain (1 gram = 15 grain)
grad. : Gradatim: gradually
GTT. : Gutta: dripped

h. / Hr. : Hora hour
h.s. : Hora somni: bedtime

i, ii, iii, or iiii: doses: the number of doses
I.D. : Intra-dermal: injected under the skin
I.M. : Intra muscularly: injected into the muscle
IP: intraperitoneal: the injection is injected through the muscles of the abdominal cavity
I.V. : Intravenous: injection for veins
inj. : Injectio: injection
in p. aeq. : Dividiatur in partes aequales: divided into the same section

lin: linimentum: polished
liq: liquor: solution
lot. : Lotio: the liquid drug to be used to skin / not drunk

m, min. : Min: minimal
M.: Misce: mixed
mane: mane: morning
mcg: microgram micro gram
mEq: milli equivalent: milli-equivalents
mg: milligram: milli gram
mist. : Mistura: mixed
Mixt. : Mixtura: mixture
ml: millilitter: milli liter

nebul: nebula: spray
no. : Numero: number
nocte: nocte: night
noct. maneq. : Noct maneque: morning and evening
non rep. : Non repetatur: can not be repeated
NPO: nill per os: no reply by mouth

o.d / OD: oculus dexter: right eye
o.l. : Oculus Laeva: left eye
o.m. : Omni mane: morning
o.n. : Omni nocte: at night
o.s / OS: oculus sinister: left eye
o.u / OU: oculo utro: each eye
opth: opthalmic: in the eye
os: Ossa: bone
otic: otical: on ear

P.C. : Post coenam: after a meal
P.O. : Per os: through the mouth
p.p.a. : Phiala prius agitata: first shaken
p.r: pro rectum: rectal
p.r.n. : Pro re nata: as needed
p.v. : Per vaginum: through the female genital
per: per: through
Pill: pilula: pills
pulv. : Pulvis: powder

q: quaque: every
q._h: quaque .... hora: each .... clock
q.3h: quaque 3 hora: every 3 hours
qad: quaque alternis die: every day different
q.d. / QD: quaque die: every day
qhs: quaque hora somni: every bedtime
q.i.d. : Quarter in die: 4x daily
q.o.d. / Qod: quaque os die: every day different
qq. hh. : Quaque hora: every hour
q.q.h. : Quaque quarter hora: every 4 hours
q.s. : Quantum sufficiat: use in moderation
QAM: quaque ante meridiem: every morning
ql: quantum Libet: as much as desired
q.p. : Quantum placeat: as recommended
QPM: quaque post meridiem: every afternoon
qv: quantum vis: as much as

R /: recipe: take
rep. , REPT. : Repetatur: can be repeated
Rx: radix: a recipe

s: sine: no
S.A. : Secundum artum: use discretion
s.i.d: Semel in die: once a day
s.o.s. : Si opus sit: immediately if needed
SC, Subo, SubQ, subcut: sub cutem: injected under the skin
Sig. / S: signa, signetur: write on the label
SL: sub lingualy: under the tongue
sol. : solutio: solution
ss. : Semis: half / half
stat. : Statim: immediately
supp. : Suppository: a drug that is inserted through the anus
susp. : Suspensio: suspension (substance / solid drug dispersed into a liquid)
syr. : Syrupus: syrup

t.d.s: ter die sumendum: 3x daily
t.i.d. : Ter in die: 3x daily
t.i.w. : Ter in w: 3x a week
tab. : Tabella: tablet
tal. : Talus: like
tbsp. : Tablespoon: tablespoon (15 ml)
tr, Tinc., tinct. : Tinctures: Dlm solution of alcohol
troche: trochiscus: cough
tsp. : Teaspoon: teaspoon (5 ml)

u.d. / Ut dict. : Ut dictum: according to instructions
ung. : Unguentum: ointment
vag. : Vaginum: the female genitals
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/doctors-secret-recipe.html
DatePublished: August 28, 2015 at 13:07

Tag : Doctors secret recipe.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Cosmetic recognize.

Decoration seems to have become instinctive urge every woman. Different types of cosmetics used every day, week, year. Women like nearby (in this case Islam) for cosmetics, prefer to use kosher.

Halal cosmetics that have a clear, certainly has an official certificate of Fatwa institution. In Indonesia, the agency has the right to provide certificates and labels on the products halal cosmetics is LPPOM MUI.

To determine the existence of formal legal guarantees in a cosmetic, we can see through the MUI halal logo on the packaging of each product.
Halal logo in question is as follows:

HALAL COSMETICS BY FATWA MUI.

 Legal provisions.

1. The use of cosmetics for ornate interest is permissible provided that :

a. materials used are lawful and holy;
b. intended for the benefit of allowed syar'i; and
c. do no harm.

2. The use of cosmetics in (for consumption / into the body) that uses materials unclean or haram is haram.

3. The use of cosmetics outside (into the body) that use materials other than pigs unclean or forbidden is allowed on condition that the cleansing performed after application (tathhir syar'i).

4. The use of cosmetics that merely serves tahsiniyyat, no rukhshah (waivers) to take advantage of cosmetic unlawful.

5. The use of cosmetics that serves as a drug having a drug law, which refers to the fatwa related to the use of drugs.

6. cosmetic products containing ingredients made using genetically modified microbes involving gene or genes of human swine haraam.

7. The cosmetic products that use materials (raw materials, active ingredients and / or additives) from kosher animal derivatives (such as fat or otherwise) that is not known how the legal slaughter Makruh Tahrim, so it should be avoided.

8. cosmetic products that use ingredients from microbial products unknown whether microbial growth media from pigs, should be avoided until there was clarity about the halal and purity of the material.

Recommendation.

1. People are encouraged to choose cosmetics that are pure and kosher, and avoid the use of cosmetic products are unclean and impure, makruh Tahrim and the use of materials that are not clearly halal and purity.

2. Governments regulate and ensure the availability of halal cosmetics and holy by making this fatwa as a guide.

3. Business actors are required to ensure the sanctity and halal cosmetics are sold to Muslims.

4. LPPOM MUI halal certification did against cosmetic products that use unclean and impure, both for cosmetics inside and outside.

5. LPPOM MUI halal certification did against cosmetic products that use materials that are not clearly halal and sanctity, until there is clarity about the halal and purity of the material.

ELEMENTS THAT DOUBTING UNCLEAN & MATERIALS IN COSMETICS.

According to MUI Fatwa above, ornate is permissible, but must be with cosmetics derived from kosher ingredients. The element that should not be there in cosmetics, such as:
- Elements of Pigs and Dogs
- Elements of wild animals
- Elements of the human body
- Blood
- Carcasses
- Animals halal (eg cattle) are not syar'i means slaughter.
- Khamar

In the universe cosmetics industry, many of the ingredients to look out syubhat prohibition of its critical point, namely :

Placenta
Glycerin
Collagen
Lactic Acid
Placenta
hormone
vitamin
various coloring, flavoring, etc.

Why ingredients on top in the category of dubious? Because these materials can be sourced from the material lawful or unlawful. Halal and haram can be determined from their mode of production, and its medium manufacture of these materials.

What about alcohol / ethanol?

According to the fatwa of MUI, no alcohol allowed in cosmetics, as long as the alcohol does not come from the liquor industry (wine). Plus, alcohol is not harmful to the health of users, so that MUI limit the percentage of use of alcohol / ethanol in cosmetics.

ALTERNATIVE HALAL COSMETICS

As already explained, cosmetics insha'Allah 100% halal is already getting halal certification and labeling of MUI. So, still prioritize cosmetics that already have a kosher label, yes!

Sometimes we also want to buy or try out the products on the market, but are unsure of its contents. Or we are in a place where there are no institutions that monitor halal products sold.

Some tips, looking ALTERNATIVE cosmetics that has been certified kosher, among others :

1. First Tips.

Choose cosmetics with the label 'Animal Cruelty Free' (ACF) cosmetics.
ACF cosmetics are cosmetics that do not commit violence against animals include, testing safety of cosmetics, materials and manufacturing process. In essence, cosmetics that are free of any animal exploitation against goals and objectives.
According to the observations, cosmetics 'free cruel', usually divided into 3:

 a) The Vegan Cosmetics.

Vegan Cosmetics is a cosmetic that zero percent of animal constituent, both in material and manufacturing process. Suitable for those who have a lifestyle of veganism. This type of cosmetics 100% free of violence against animals and do not use animal ingredients in the composition of the product. According to the materials used, God willing, free of other illicit animal elements.
Typically, vegan cosmetics, have labels like this:

There are some brands that have vegan cosmetics in product variants, such as: LUSH, The Balm, ELF cosmetics (100% vegan), Sleek, Urban Decay, NYX, Wet n Wild, etc. To be clear, what products are labeled vegan, could be seen searching via google or visit the web respectively.

b) Vegetarian Cosmetics.

This is not much different from the vegan cosmetics, but has content that is still associated with the animal, which is certainly not allowed in true vegan, but can still be used by those of the Vegetarian which the rules are more lax, among other things: milk, honey, beeswax, lanolin (from sheep wool), carmine dye insects, feathers animals taken without killing / hurting. But God willing, animal-free taken by way / kill / hurt / used the body and the flesh /

Examples of vegetarian cosmetics are: The Body Shop, LUSH, Urban Decay, Paula's Choice.

c) 'Others'.

If this was merely his cruelty free free animal testing, but it is not clear whether the product using animal elements or not. For such dubious is better shunned, although no label 'cruelty free' though. Examples: Bath and Body Works, Malibu, Too Faced, EOS,

2. Tip two.

Choose cosmetics that have the logo 'Leaping Bunny'.
Leaping Bunny also provide certification 'cruelty free' to products that are free of violence against animals. That said, the regulation is more stringent than the rules of 'cruelty free' version of the MAP. In contrast to PETA, cosmetics that have Leaping Bunny logo is limited to cosmetic vegans and vegetarians. For 'cruelty free' dubious, I do not think there is.

Leaping Bunny LOGO.

Some examples of cosmetic listed in Leaping Bunny: Everyday Minerals, Paula's Choice, The Body Shop, Urban Decay, Burt's Bees, etc.

3. Tip three.

If not enrolled in free cosmetics cruelfty version of PETA and Leaping Bunny, get used to ensure that the relevant product on the web, whether they have a claim that the products are free of animal or not.
Some examples of products: Hada Labo (animal free and alcohol free as well), L'Occitane (vegetarian), Sebamed (mostly vegetarian), Oriflame (mostly vegan)

4. Last tips.

When it intends to buy cosmetics vegan or vegetarian, consider cosmetic ingredients, whether there is any alcohol in it.
As described above, the alcohol may be used as long as it does not come from industry khamr (beverage industry), and does not harm the users. There are a few tips:

If it says 'alcohol denat', SD alcohol, denaturated alcohol, is lawful use. Because of the types of alcohol, not the alcohol that can be consumed for drinking purposes. And it is used exclusively external use.
See the percentage of alcohol. If it is too high, avoid because it can cause irritation in some people. If it is not written percentage, refer to the order in the ingredient list, the more there are in early position, meaning the higher numbers among other compositions. Use low levels of alcohol
For other alcohols, such as butyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, etc. (except ethyl-alcohol). That is not true of alcohol, and lawful use. What to watch out is alcohol just written the word 'alcohol' / ethanol / ethyl alcohol.
Avoid cosmetic products that contain / inscribed wine, beer, liquor and other elements.
Safe, use products NON ALCOHOL / ALCOHOL FREE if unsure.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/cosmetic-recognize.html
DatePublished: August 28, 2015 at 10:26

Tag : Cosmetic recognize.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW