Sunday 7 February 2016

About Penguin.

Emperor Penguin.
Penguin or pinguin (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) is an aquatic animal species of birds that can not fly and generally live in the southern hemisphere.

Across the world there are 16 species of penguins depend on whether the two species as well as species Eudyptula calculated. Although all penguin species originally came from the southern hemisphere, but penguins are not found only in cold regions or in the Antarctic. There are three species of penguin that live in the tropics. One of the species live in the Galapagos Islands (Galapagos Penguin) and usually cross the equator in search of food.
Largest penguin species is the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) with a height of up to 1.1 meters and weighing 35 kilograms or more.

The smallest penguin species is the Fairy Penguin (Eudyptula Minor) with a height of about 40 cm and weighing one kg. In general, large penguin better able to maintain their body temperature so that it can survive in colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in areas with warmer even the tropics.
Generally penguins feed on krill (kind of shrimp), fish, squid and other aquatic animals are caught while swimming in the sea with its beak. Penguins can drink sea water because supraorbital gland in the body filter out excess sea salt from the bloodstream. This salt is then removed in liquid form via the respiratory tract penguin.

Penguin looks are not afraid of human presence. They will be closer to the group of researchers who are studying them.
But the form of a big fight between the penguins will happen if a mother penguin lost her child (because they can not survive in a big storm or eaten by predators). If a child is missing, the mother penguin will "steal" a child of a mother penguin penguin others. This behavior attracted the attention of scientists. Interestingly, the other female penguins in the penguin groups dislike "theft" and would help, and "defend" penguin mother whose child was stolen.
Penguin body is very suitable for swimming and live in the water. Its wings are rowers and unable to fly. In mainland penguin using tails and wings to maintain balance when walking.

Each penguin has a white color on the inside of his body and dark color (usually black) on the outside of the body. This is useful for camouflage. Predators such as sea lions in the water would be difficult to see the penguin because her belly is white mixed with sea surface reflections. While a dark surface on the back also disguise penguin predators of view on the water.
Penguin able to swim at speeds of 6 to 12 km / h even been recorded up to
27 km / h. Penguin small size usually dive for one to two minutes away from the surface of the water to catch food. Penguin larger, the Emperor penguins can dive deeper, to 565 meters for 20 minutes.

Running and sliding.

To save energy, sometimes penguin walk with short legs or slide on the snow with his stomach.


Sensing capabilities.

Penguin has a very good hearing. If on land, penguins relying heavily on their hearing. Penguin eye adapted for underwater vision in finding food and avoiding predators. The ability of olfactory penguin is still not widely known and requires further research.

Gender.

To view sex penguin is very difficult, because penguins have no external genitalia. As a result, to distinguish the sex of penguins, man must wear a chromosome examination techniques / DNA.

The emperor penguin.

Emperor penguins that have a Latin name Aptenodytes forsteri, including the largest species of penguin family, namely with heights reaching over 1 meter and weighs more than 35 kg. Just like other types of penguins, emperor penguins also have berjaring legs and thick fur all over his body which is watertight, and is a species of bird that can not fly.
Emperor penguin was described in 1844 by British zoologist George Robert Gray.
But the most visible characteristic to distinguish the emperor penguin with other penguin species is the faint yellow line on the neck. Unlike the king penguins, where the yellow line on the neck penguin is more striking and arced firmly around his neck than emperor penguins.

Residence.

The population of emperor penguins found only in Antarctica - the South Pole of the earth, the coldest areas in the southernmost parts of the world with the lowest temperature reached -73 ° Celsius. They nest along the waterfront area of ​​the Antarctic continent.
Emperor penguins can survive in cold temperatures such as 2-3 cm thick layer of fat on the body are useful for storing hot and cold air separate from the outside.


Food.

Emperor penguins are the main food of fish, shrimp, and squid. Anatomy short wings that allow this kind penguin to swim as far as 15 km and dive to a depth of 900 feet for 18 minutes. Therefore, it eats fish larger than that eaten by penguins with smaller body size.

Reproduction.

Period of the emperor penguin mating occurs throughout the year in June-August. Adult male penguin will flap-flapping wings to attract females, then when they have found the right partner will either create a bond through the wings find each other in the back of the neck. Penguin is a species of bird that is faithful to one partner.
After experiencing a period of mating, the female penguin will spawn and the eggs of the emperor penguin shaped like a pear. Incubating period is the duty of the male penguin, for approximately three months, the eggs will be incubated at the foot penguin and protected by the lower part of their abdomen. Then the male penguins will form large colonies to keep the temperature of the eggs remain warm, while the female penguin in a group would go as far as 90 miles to collect food.
When the eggs hatch, the male penguin that has been provided food reserves will keep their children until the mother returned. Vice versa, when the female penguin back to take care of a baby penguin, penguin males went to find food, constantly turns up to 13 months and grow into a baby penguin penguin independent.


Habitat.

There are 40 breeding colonies around the Antarctic, and in one colony, respectively, amounting to 10,000 head Emperor Penguin adult. These colonies will hold together and mutually warm each other by standing shoulder to shoulder with each other, especially when the male penguins incubating eggs. In January-February, the penguin will migrate to the south of the earth in search of food.
Baby penguins are never taught how to swim, dive or hunting by his parents. Automatically, the penguin will adapt itself to survive. If they are tired of walking, penguins will slide on ice using chest.
The population of Emperor penguins depend on the number of fish in the sea, if fishing by humans continues to be done on a large scale, the penguin population can be reduced in number. In general, penguins do not have a lot of enemies, sea lions is their main enemy. But with their agility in the water, penguins can easily avoid it.

Fact.

1. No one knows exactly where the penguins get
    his name, but is likely to come from the Latin meaning pinguis
    fat.
2. penguin ancestors have lived since 60 million years ago in the days
    prehistoric, namely Waimanu.
3. Emperor penguins have very good eyesight so as to enable
    him to see in the dark depths.
4. All species of penguins do not have teeth, they catch fish by
    sharp beak and then immediately swallowed.
5. The number of penguin populations have dropped by 50% during the
    next 50 years
    last. The main cause is precisely because of the reduced area of ​​the
    covered in ice in Antarctica due to global warming.

The types of penguins  :

King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus.
Gentoo Penguin, Pygoscelis Papua.
Adelie Penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae.
Chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarctica.
Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome.
Fiordland Penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus.
Snares Penguin, Eudyptes robustus.
Royal Penguin, Eudyptes Schlegeli.
Erect-Crested Penguin, Eudyptes sclateri.
Macaroni Penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus.
Yellow Eye Penguin, Megadyptes antipodes.
Small Penguin (Penguin Blue or Fairy Penguin), Eudyptula minor.
Penguin White flippered, Eudyptula albosignata.
African Penguin (Jackass Penguin), Spheniscus demersus.
Magellanic Penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus.
Humboldt Penguin, Spheniscus humboldti.
Galapagos Penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/about-penguin.html
Date Published: 07 February 2016 at 10:48
Tag : Penguin.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
www.Primo.com Updated at: 10:48

Saturday 6 February 2016

Betel leaf.

Betel leaf.
Betel is native to Indonesia who grow vines or leaning on another tree. As usual leaves and fruit culture chewed with gambier, areca nut, tobacco and lime. But chewing betel has been associated with cancers of the mouth and the formation of squamous cell carcinoma is malignant. Also chalk making gum shrinkage (periodentitis) which can make teeth, although betel leaves containing antiseptic preventer of cavities.

Betel used as a medicinal plant (fitofarmaka); very important role in the life and various ceremonies Malay.
In Indonesia, betel is a typical flora Riau Islands province. Riau Islands society upholds the culture of eating betel ceremony especially during ceremonies welcoming guests and use betel as a cure various kinds of diseases. Nevertheless, many betel plant found throughout Indonesia, exploited or simply as an ornamental plant.


The characteristics of the stem, leaf, and flower / fruit.

These vines can reach a height of 15 m. Trunk betel greenish brown, round, segmented and the exit point of the root. The leaves are heart-shaped sole, pointy-toed, growing alternately, stemmed, and remove unpleasant odor when crushed. Its length is about 5-8 cm wide and 2-5 cm. The flowers are shaped compound grains and bract ± 1 mm elliptical. In males grain length is about 1.5 to 3 cm and there are two short stamens being on female heads of its length is about 1.5 to 6 cm where there are stigmas three to five pieces of white and yellowish green. The fruit is a round berry fruit grayish green. Its roots riding, round and yellowish brown.

Ingredients and benefits.

Essential oil of betel leaf oil contains fly (betIephenol), seskuiterpen, starch, diatase, sugar and tannic substances and kavikol that have deadly germs, antioxidants and fungicides, anti-fungal. Betel nutritious eliminate body odor caused by bacteria and fungi. Betel leaves are also resist bleeding, heal wounds on the skin, and gastrointestinal disorders. It also is wrinkled, sputum, saliva shed, hemostatic, and stop the bleeding. Typically for a bloody nose medication, used two fresh leaves of Piper betle, washed, rolled and then inserted into the nostril. In addition, the active ingredient phenol and kavikol forest betel leaf can also be used as vegetable pesticides for control of sucking insects.


Usability.

Cough
Sprue
bronchitis
pimple
whitish
Toothache because of the holes
Dengue fever
Bad breath
Irregular menstruation
Asthma
Sore throat (leaves and oil)
Swollen gums (sap)
Cleaning Eyes
underarm odor


External use.

Eczema
Burns
Ulceration (pyodermi)
ringworm foot
boil
Nosebleed
Sore eyes
bleeding gums
Reducing excessive milk production
Relieves itching.

Red betel.

Red betel vines are planted by people because of the efficacy of treatment and also the beauty of the leaves. This plant is still closely with the betel nut and pepper. The scientific name of plant origin are Piper ornatum Sulawesi, but some libraries messed with Piper crocatum, non-cultivated plants originating from the Americas. And red betel can also be used as a cure diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, gout, kidney stones, lower cholesterol, prevent stroke, vaginal discharge, inflammation of the prostate, eye inflammation, ulcers, fatigue, joint pain, and softens the skin.


Plant Characteristics Red Betel (Piper crocatum).

Betel (Piper betle) is a species of vines and leaning on a tree trunk lain.Tanaman is able to reach tens of meters in length. Flat leaf shape resembles a heart, the stem is rather long, flat leaf edges, leaf tip pointed, notched leaf base, pinnate leaves bones, and flesh thin leaves. Surface leaves are green and smooth, while the trunk tembelek green or brownish green and skin surface rough and wrinkled. Betel leaves are lush measuring between 8 cm-12 cm wide and 10 cm-15 cm long.

Red betel plants prefer to grow in the shade. For example, under the shade of large trees. Can also thrives in a cool temperate. It only took 60-75% of sunlight. By growing in the shade, the leaves will be widened. His maroon color that will pretty soon be visible when the leaves are reversed. The trunk grows fat. When exposed to a lot of sunlight, the stem dries quickly. Conversely if too much contact with water will rot the roots and stems. If too much on the provision of water, the plant will die. Excessive radiation intensity causes a betel plants die. That is, if they are grown in pots should not be directly in the sun. Very good if you use the cover (net) so that no direct contact with rain.

Betel plants have fibrous root system. And at the root of betel plants have parts such as stem root, root and branch root fibers. Roots on the betel plant is a modification to fulfill its function of roots called root placard that roots out the books climbing plant stems and useful to attach themselves to his support.

Bone bottom leaves bald or very short hair, thick, white, length of 5 cm-18 cm, a width of 2.5 cm-10.5 cm. Flower-shaped grains, stand alone dealing with the tip of a branch and leaves. Bract circular, inverted egg round or oval, length of approximately 1 mm. Male ears, long handle of 2.5 cm-3 cm, stamens very short. Female ears, long handle of 2.5 cm 6 cm. Anthers 3-5. Berry, spherical, with a bare tip. Ripe ears of the gray-haired, meetings, thick 1 cm to 1.5 cm. Seeds circle. Cultivation of red betel can pass a nursery or propagation. Can be through cuttings, grafts, and utilize every sniper rod. For starters, you should choose the way of the first and second. While crouching rod can be done when red betel plants already started spreading or growing rapidly.

The main enemy is red betel slugs, small snails and ants. When the leaves will use medications, should not use pesticides to ward off pests. Clearly, these pests should be discarded immediately. When watering was not allowed to wear any water, such as water times. Because it contains a lot of small animals that can damage the plant. If held leaves thick and rigid. Propagation of red betel usually done by grafting. Cropping media such as soil, sand and compost.


Benefits of Plants Red Betel (Piper crocatum).

Description of plants:

Kind of red betel or in scientific language crocatum Piper is one kind of plant betel piper beetle which is a vine with leaf form as red hearts typically live at high altitudes,

Usually when red betel planted in areas that have high levels of heat or in direct sunlight, the stem on the red betel will quickly dry up and the red dye contained in the leaves will slowly fade.
Red betel plant has actually been used by the people of Indonesia, Java since time immemorial. the benefits of which are used not only as a medicinal plant from various diseases but also as the equipment used in traditional ceremonies as well as a beauty cosmetic Javanese women past.


Chemical content.

Chemical constituents contained in red betel include flavonoids, Polivenol, alkoloid, tannins, oils astsiri, saponin, hidroksikaficol, kavicol, kavibetol, allylprokatekol, karvokrol, eugenol, P-cymene, cineole, coryofelen, kadimen, ekstragol, terpenana, and phenyl propoda

Efficacy and Benefits.

Chemical compounds contained in red siri has properties as follows: compound and polivenol flavonoids act as antioxidants, antideabetik, anticancer, antiseptic and antiflamasi. alkoloid compound in red betel can also be utilized as an impediment to the growth of cancer cells.

A study conducted by media rats proved that stew of red betel leaf given to rats which had been affected by diabetes can lower blood sugar levels in the rat it is proved that red betel can be used as drugs to lower blood sugar levels and control levels blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus that regular consumption. Besides efficacious as a controller and lowering blood sugar levels in the body red betel can also be used to cure other diseases such as hypertension, inflammation of the liver, prostate inflammation, eye inflammation, vaginal discharge, ulcers, breast cancer, joint pain and can also be used as a guard stamina.

Besides medicinal red betel also be utilized by the community of Jogja as uborampe in traditional events palace used to ngadi Saliro and is also used as a beauty tool by some of the daughters of the palace as a skin. The content karvakol on red betel leaves useful as desenfektan, and anti-fungal, thus serving as a gargle and drugs whitish.

Eugenol compound serves as a pain reliever or analgesic. tannin content serves as healer especially diarrhea and abdominal pain can also be used as an antiseptic on the wound. Red betel can also be cultivated as the plant is extremely high economic value 4-5 red betel leaves fetch 7-15 thousand rupiah so that it can be used as a livelihood

Traditional herb Red betel.

drug Whitish

In early 2002, in a village on the slopes of Mount Merapi, Bambang Sadewo herbalist, author of Exterminate Disease with Red Betel, inadvertently discovered this plant. Glossy red color bottom with a shape not unlike the betel leaf green. Tamanannya elongated panhandle and beruas.Rasa red betel leaves are very bitter. The aroma is sharper when compared with green betel.

Although the chemical constituents of this plant has not been studied in detail, the results are known krematogram red betel leaves contain flavonoids, compounds polevenolad, tannins, and essential oils. Securities active substance of red betel leaf can stimulate the central nervous and thinking.

Red betel leaf has the effect of preventing premature ejaculation, anticonvulsant, antiseptic, analgesic, anti-dandruff, controlling blood sugar, liver, antidiarrheal, increase endurance, and relieve pain. Also believed to be able to overcome pneumonia, strep throat, inflammation of the gums, nose bleeding or nosebleeds, and coughing up blood.

Red betel leaf extract is also capable of turning Chandida albicans fungus causes thrush. Moreover, efficacious to reduce sekrasi the vagina, vaginal discharge and itching of the genitals, as well as wound cleansing (antiseptic effect).

Empirically red betel leaf extract in a single user or other drugs formulated with plant capable of limiting the variety of complaints. For example, blood sugar disorders, acute inflammation in body organs, wounds that do not heal, breast cancer and cervical cancer, leukemia, tuberculosis and hepatitis, hemorrhoids, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and gout.

Puspitasari Andayana research results, Apt., Of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy UGM, red betel contains flavonoids, alkoloid, polifenolat compounds, tannins and essential oils. Utilizing this red betel leaves, other than in the form of fresh, can also wear sun drying techniques.

Herbalist Bambang Sadewo explained, chopped red betel Dauh which has 60 percent dry placed in winnowing covered with black cloth transparent. Closure with this fabric so that the leaves do not run away with the wind.

Once completely dry, red betel leaf is inserted into a plastic bag thick transparent or translucent. The goal, so that red betel quality assured and can last up to one year.

Herb red betel, single or mixed

To mix red betel leaves, according to Bambang Sadewo herbalist, can be single or mixed with other herbs. Here are some examples of red betel leaf herb for a variety of disorders:


1. Heart

Single herb:
- Take a medium-sized betel leaf sheets 3-4 or 6-8 small size sheets. Rinse, then sliced ​​into small pieces. Boil the water as much as 4 cups (800 ml) to boiling and the remaining 2 cups, then strain. This herb drink while warm, twice daily before meals. Once drinking one glass.

Herb with other herbs:

- Prepare a medium-size red betel leaves 3-4 pieces, 30 grams of tamarind leaves, starfruit vegetables 2 fruit, tubers dry dea and 3 grams of ginseng leaves 4 pieces. All material is washed, sliced ​​into small pieces, then boiled with three cups of water (600 ml) until the remaining 1.5 cups. This herb is taken three times a day while warm. Can be added a teaspoon of honey. Once drinking half a glass.

2. Diabetes

Single herb:
- Pick three red betel leaves and the older half of the sixth or seventh leaf buds. Rinse all the leaves, then slice it into small pieces. Boil the water as much as three cups (600 ml) to boiling and the remaining 1.5 cups. Drink three times a day before meals, to drink half a glass.

Herb with other herbs:

- Take three pieces of red betel medium size, 40 grams of bark gayam already cleaned the exterior, and 30 grams of dried bark jamblang. These materials are brewed with 2 cups (400 ml) of water to the boil and the remaining 1 cup. Strain and drink twice a day every morning and evening before meals. Once drinking half a glass.

3. Organ mouth

- Fresh betel leaves as many as five pieces, washed and boiled in two cups (400 ml) to boiling and the remaining 1 cup. Refrigerate and use to gargle three times a day.
Note: This herb is very good to treat bleeding gums, canker sores, cavities, bad breath, and sore throat.


4. Cough or appetite enhancer

- Prepare red betel leaves are not too old as much as 10 pieces, wash, then soak them in alcohol 70 percent for 30 minutes so that the bacteria attached to the leaves die. Red betel leaf plus 100 grams of white sugar boiled with water 4 cups (800 ml) to boiling and the remaining one cup. Once cool, pour into a clean bottle and sterile. This herb can be taken three times a day, to drink a tablespoon.

5. Female organs

- Scarlet betel leaves as much as 8 sheets washed, then sliced ​​1cm. Boil 800 ml of water to a boil. After a cold, used to clean the female organs twice a day.

6. Inflammation of the eye

- Take the red betel leaves rather young (fifth leaf from the top) 4 pieces, wash clean. Boil two cups of water to boil and the remaining one cup. Once cool, the water used to soak the affected eye.

How to use: Eye cleaned (face wash) and then soaked with boiling water to taste red betel using special glasses. Use no more than three times a day to avoid irritation of the lining of the eye.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/betel-leaf.html
Date Published: February 06 2016 at 19:14
Tag : Betel leaf.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
www.Primo.com Updated at: 19:14

About Beluntas.


Beluntas.
Beluntas is a much branched shrub, finely ribbed, soft and fluffy. Generally, this plant is grown as a hedge or even growing wild, can reach 3 meters if not pruned, so it is often planted as a fence yard. Beluntas can grow in arid areas in the soil is rocky and hard, on the lowland to highland at an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level, it requires quite a bit of sunlight or shade, and propagation can be done by stem cuttings on the trunk is quite old. Name area: beluntas (Malay), baluntas, baruntas (Sunda), luntas (Java), baluntas (Madura), lamutasa (Makassar), lenabou (East), while foreign names for plants beluntas is Luan Yi (China), Phatpai ( Vietnam), and Marsh fleabane (England). Beluntas simplicia name is Plucheacea folium (leaf), Plucheacea radix (root).

Morphology characteristics.

Leaves short-stemmed, located intermittent, sunsang egg-shaped, tapering circular ends. Edge serrated leaves, bright green, flowers out at the ends of branches and axillary, flower-shaped hump, handled or sitting, and purple. The fruit longkah somewhat shaped tops, colored brown with white angled.

Nature and Efficacy.

Beluntas leaves contain alkaloids, tannins, sodium, essential oils, calcium, flafonoida, magnesium, and phosphorus. While flafonoida and roots contain tannin. Beluntas leaves a distinctive aromatic smell and taste bitter and refreshing, nutritious to increase appetite, help digestion, shed sweat, eliminate body odor and bad breath, reduce fever, bone pain, back pain, and vaginal discharge; whereas beluntas roots efficacious as a laxative sweat and conditioning. Beluntas leaves can also be consumed as lalaban or steamed. Beluntas leaf essential oil content of 5% can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the 20% level to inhibit bacterial growth Escherechia coli.

Benefits Leaves Beluntas For Herbal Medicine.

Beluntas leaf which is a small plant that is widely found in areas close to the coast. These plants live in a way that can easily grow wild and although not intentionally cultivated. Utilization beluntas leaves are widely used as a herbal remedy is quite powerful. Here are some benefits beluntas leaves for treatment:

1. Reduce Rheumatic sore.

Beluntas leaf properties it also can be used to reduce muscle pains in the body. Stiff often happens, will certainly be very torturing yourself. If having a stiff problem, then you should drink a decoction of leaves beluntas 3 times in 1 day.

2. Eliminate Body Odor.

Body odor is certainly a very annoying problem, especially for social life. Neither the women or men, would be very insecure when experiencing body odor problem. From now on not to worry because the leaves beluntas can be the solution of this problem. Drinking water regularly beluntas leaf decoction, then the body odor that happens to be resolved. Other herbal ingredients that are also able to overcome body odor such as:

3. Eliminating Whitish.

Beluntas leaves commonly known as a wild plant, widely used to treat vaginal discharge that is commonly experienced by women. Beluntas leaves can make whiteness becomes stop completely within a fairly short. In addition beluntas leaves, white turmeric benefits can also be used to treat vaginal discharge.

Other uses of the leaf beluntas very useful for women is because the properties that can make menstrual pain that is common to be reduced.

4. Eliminate Bad Breath.

The problem of bad breath can also be a constraint, especially for those who often conversing with others. If you experience this problem, it is advisable to drink water leaves beluntas or use as a mouthwash to overcome this bad breath. A number of benefits of fruits are also consumed to reduce bad breath such as:

5. Treat Pain Waist.

Many people who experience frequent back pain. This would greatly disrupt life, if it is constantly happening. Beluntas leaf decoction has pain relieving properties, especially in the waist area is. In some people, hip pain will greatly interfere with daily activities, and how to overcome them is to take a decoction of the leaves beluntas regularly. In addition, the benefits of water will also help reduce the risk of back pain that can occur.

6. Overcome Rheumatism.

For parents who have rheumatic problems, can try to consume the herb leaves beluntas. Usefulness can eliminate a wide range of pain, it can also be used to treat rheumatism.


7. Overcoming Stomach Bloating.

Beluntas leaves turns also be a solution when subjected to flatulence, so the discomfort of flatulence may soon disappear by drinking a decoction of the leaves beluntas.

To get this beluntas leaves, actually can be found easily in the area not far from the beach. Beluntas leaves are in the area and live in the wild, although only grows wild in the wild, but do not need to doubt the benefits of this beluntas leaves. Consumption beluntas leaves regularly to the perceived complaints can be reduced. But it is also necessary medical supervision when taking this traditional herb.


As Antibacterial ingredients and antioxidants.

Leaves beluntas according to research results have antibacterial and antioxidant function and have the potential to be developed as a preservative of food and medicine.

Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.), the name of this plant may be rare to hear. But, actually form this plant is not seasing name. If we look carefully, it is almost certain people will immediately know it as a plant that is often found on the home page, because it is often used as a hedge plant.

Beluntas the shrubs erect, woody, branched, with height can reach two meters. Single leaf, round egg shape, pointed tip, fluffy, young leaves are yellowish green and after the old pale green and leaf length from 3.8 to 6.4 cm. It grows wild on the ground with high humidity; in some places in West Java this plant is used as a hedge and a barrier between the mounds on the farm. Some areas in Indonesia the name beluntas with different names like baluntas (Madura), Luntas (Central Java), and Lamutasa (Makassar).

Beluntas leaf is traditionally used as a remedy for eliminating body odor, drugs reduces heat, cough medicine, and diarrhea. Beluntas boiled leaves are excellent for treating skin diseases. Besides, it leaves beluntas also often consumed by people as vegetables.

Their traditional information from people who have long used beluntas leaves as one of the medicinal plants to encourage researchers to conduct various studies in order to scientifically prove his usefulness. In this paper will be tested for exposure to two studies in the form of utilization beluntas leaf extract as an antibacterial component and essential oils as antioxidants.


Beluntas as antibacterial leaf extract.

To get beluntas leaf extract to be dried, subsequent extraction. Extraction is done using hexane, the resulting residue extracted back with ethanol to extract the polar defatted with reflux method. Besides direct extraction using ethanol to extract the polar non defatted using the same method extracts for antibacterial activity test carried out on bacteria from the group of pathogens causing food poisoning sepertiEscherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Besides E. coli is a bacterium that causes gastrointestinal infection, while S. aureus is the bacteria that cause impetigo (swelling of the epidermal layer of the skin), furuncle (inflammation in the sub-cutaneous tissue), and the carbuncle (widespread inflammation and the hair follicles). Of the group of bacteria that cause food decay adalahPseudomonas fluorescens. Testing for antibacterial activity using the well diffusion method; the clear zone around the well demonstrated antibacterial activity. Davis Stout argues that the provisions of the antibacterial strength is as follows: the area 20 mm or more barrier means very strong, regional barriers to 10-20 mm (strong), 5 -10 mm (medium), and area constraints 5 mm or less (weak).

Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract beluntas *
Bacteria (Extract Nondefatted) (Extract Defatted)
Escherichia coli (8.5 +/- 0.5) (7.0 +/- 0.4)
Salmonella typhi (10.2 +/- 0.4) (8.2 +/- 0.5)
Staphylococcus aureus (9.1 +/- 1.0) (7.1 +/- 0.6)
Bacillus cereus (8.4 +/- 0.7) (6.5 +/- 0.3)
Pseudomonas fluorescent (6.3 +/- 0.3) (5.5 +/- 0.3)

In the table above shows that the extract nondefatted show inhibitory activity higher than the defatted extract. If the data in the table associated with the provision of antibacterial powers proposed by Stout, then the antibacterial powers contained in the extract of leaves beluntas into the category of "moderate" (included in the range of 5-10 mm). Although the antibacterial strength in the medium category, can be understood when the leaves beluntas efficacious cure various diseases caused by bacterial infection.

Leaves beluntas as antioxidants.

Research conducted by the Sri Widyawati Paini (2005) tried to examine the antioxidant activity of leaf beluntas. Beluntas leaves extracted using ethanol by soxhlet method and water method hidrodistilasi. Furthermore, each extract, both of method and hidrodistilasi soxhlet tested for their radical scavenging activity DPPH (2,2-diphenil-1- picrylhydrazil radical), the antioxidants in the extract and essential oil will react DPPH beluntas leaves and turn them into alpha, alpha- diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazine. Changes absorption produced by the reaction is a measure of the antioxidant capability of leaves beluntas. As a comparison used TBHQ (tertiary butyl hydroquinone) and Ï…-carotene which has generally been used as a commercial aktioksidan.

The results demonstrated the following successive beta-carotene> Essential oils beluntas> extract beluntas> TBHQ. From this data it can be said that the leaves beluntas have potential as natural antioxidants and can take the place of TBHQ and beta-carotene as an antioxidant.

Potential applications beluntas leaves as a food preservative and medicine.
Of use of the antimicrobial compound / antibacterial function as preservatives, also an antioxidant that works to prevent oxidation, thus preventing the food product from damage due to exposure to air and light, has been largely derived from synthetic chemicals. Based on the research of these materials can cause negative health impacts. As an alternative solution can be to use natural ingredients that has the advantage because it is safer for consumption.

From the data mentioned above it can be concluded that the leaf has the potential fatherly beluntas developed as an extract that serves as a food preservative, for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria causing food poisoning and bacteria that cause food spoilage. Besides, it is also his ability as a radical scavenging activity can be used as an antioxidant compound.

There was also potential beluntas leaves can be used also as an anti-inflammatory agent (inflammation) and diarrhea due to its ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Date Published: February 06 2016 at 11:03
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Animal Eye position.


An assortment of animal eyes.
Eyes useless to see. But did you know that there are animals who do not have the eyes and on the contrary there are animals whose eyes up to eight?

God has set it. His imaginary creature's eyes adjusted to its usefulness. Therefore the ability and placement tailored to their needs.

Some are created by Him for the night there for the day or for both. Some are for the purpose of attack or otherwise nothing to defend himself. Each of it has its drawbacks and advantages.

Eye squirrel.

Squirrel or Squirrel eyes are on either side of his head, and is located on both his cheeks are shaped sloped forward and resembles a cone. Thus it has an inside edge towards the front.

But the location of the eyes was quite close to the base of the head that ran through his head as he climbed a tree he could see through the back of pursuit or not.

Or while running on the ground he can look up to oversee the hawk chasing him. But besides the advantage that he has a weakness that can not be viewed easily sideways.

Eagle eye.

Mata eagles have incredible eyesight to hunt. He can see a rabbit hopping among bushes thousands of feet below.

Rabbit eyes.

But the rabbit hunted have eyes on both sides of his head which place such that it can see eagles were hunting and being swooped for snatched. Now living animals which are lucky.

Owl Eyes.

Owls have eyes located not like birds' eyes in general, ie on both sides of the head, but in front of his face. His eyesight is very sharp and can clearly observe their prey in the dark of night or in overcast condition.

But in order to determine where the prey he prefers hearing. He can pinpoint the exact position of the mice from the noise of leaves disturbed by the movement of the prey rat.

Owl hunter at night has a great eye at all, so great that his eyes can not be driven in the eye sockets.

To look to the side he must rotate his neck, and he can do to look back though. Apart from that his eyes were sharp so that in the dim light, which the human eye can not malihat anything, he can find their prey.

Birds Eye Robin.

Robin bird, bittern Murai yamg in Europe are not able to see things clearly that are a few centimeters in front of him. In order to medilihat clear, prey it must be at some distance.

To be able to see their prey, such as a worm, he straightened up and moved his head toward the back, so that her eyes were there at a distance "can see".

It seems like people are farsighted, to see objects clearly (for example to be able to read) the farsightedness that should keep it a few centimeters from him.

Cat eye.

Cats are pets that really we enjoy doing. He included the beast "noctural" is an animal on the hunt both during the day and at night.

Therefore, the cat's eye can adjust both for daytime and for evening. Pupils (pupil) is not round like most other binatang-, but elliptical (oval). On the evening of the oval shape being wide open to strong light or bright shrink up into the shape of a gap.
Cat eyes would glow (like a fire) when highlighted strong light, because the back of the eye that there is a layer of membrane that works like a mirror that reflects back the light that hits. Other than that it was within its eye cells are very sensitive to dim light. But the cells can not distinguish colors alias color blind.

Fish eye.

Both of our eyes it is a unity, glancing together in the same direction and saw the same thing anyway. Similarly, in mammals and birds. But is not the case in fish, especially fish that is flat, the eyes that are on the left and right of the head.

In the group of fish (as well as in the chameleon) Mataya both worked each freely, independent of one another, for example, toward the front of the left eye right eye being led to the back.

Thus it can cover the distance vision and a wide viewing area, because it can see the secaara two different directions simultaneously. Fish do not have eyelids, so can not blink (always glares). Thus water can always be membersikannya and therefore his eyes are always clean.

Spider eyes.

Eye spider is a combination of several eye. Each eye has a lens and recipient cells light beam so that it looks like facets separated and are usually arranged in groups or clumps on the back of his head.

Spider catches its prey with webs and wait for prey trapped, not so dependent on sight like a spider hunter. Therefore, it is not a problem for him nearby the myopic nature.
Spider hunter has clumps eyes composed of eight eyes are on her back. Each eye lens fitted and cells that can capture light beam.

Although there was a spider who can see clearly an object that is located at a distance of more than 30 cm, spider hunters can follow the slightest movement of the shadow of prey who move from one currency to the next eye.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/animal-eye-position.html
Date Published: February 06 2016 at 09:13
Tag : Animal Eye position.
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Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
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About Platypus.


 Platypus.
Platypus is a semi-aquatic animals are mostly found in the eastern part of the continent of Australia. Although the egg-laying platypus but he belongs to the mammal class because she was breast-feeding her child. Platypus has unique characteristics that have venom like Snake Has mouth and lay eggs like a duck and swims like an otter.

Platypus also commonly known as the duck-billed platypus or duck-billed platypus is due to its shape that resembles a duck. Platypus including a strange beast of the kingdom Animalia.

Platypus was first discovered by a British scientist, George Shaw, in 1799. He estimated that this animal existed since the dinosaur age. Platypus name itself comes from the Greek and Latin that means flat feet.

Animals are very unique because it is the only mammals that lay eggs and breast-feeding, or in biological terms is called ovovivipar.dan have to like
snake, had a mouth like a duck and has feathers like a beaver

Physiology.

Platypus body temperature of approximately 32 degrees Celsius. This temperature is lower than most mammal (about 38 degrees Celsius). Platypus body covered in brown fur that keep their bodies warm.

Platypus webbed feet like a duck. Platypus also had a beak like a duck. Part of this is used as sensory organs.
Platypus weight ranges from under 1 kg to more than 2 kg. The body length of 30-40 cm and a tail length of about 10-15 cm (males) and 8-13 cm (female). Male platypus up to 3 times larger females.

Platypus also are animals beranun. This toxin is used in turf battles or battles between friends.

Ecology.

Platypus is nocturnal and semi-aquatic. Platypus is a good swimmer and spends much of his time in the water to search for food. When swimming, Platypus shut his eyes tightly and leave the rest to the other senses.

Fourth Platypus webbed feet. When he swam, he pedaled by using her front legs. And to maintain the balance of the body used his tail and hind legs. Platypus eat worms, insect larvae, and yabbie dug or he caught while swimming.

Platypus has four legs which are arranged horizontally in the body. It serves to movement on land. Membrane on its front legs have a size large enough to help him swim in the water. Platypus swim by moving the front leg.

Facts About Platypus.

In the 1990s, many people hunt the platypus for its coat. But this time, the platypus is included in the animals protected by the Australian government. Their population also decreases. That's because a lake or stream where they live many contaminated.

If she was walking on land, its membrane will be folded into and replaced with claws digunakkannya for a walk and explore the land. Walking the rear also has claws to control his body while swimming. The paws can also be used withhold his food as he dug and to keep his fur to keep them dry

Platypus usually looking for food in the water with diving in water for 1.5 minutes. He is looking for prey menggunakkan half of which has a sensor to detect motion.

Reproduction.

Platypus lay eggs like a reptile egg, and a little rounder than bird eggs. Platypus females usually lay two eggs at the same time. Although sometimes allow Platypus females spawn one or three eggs.

Its incubation period is divided into three parts :

The first phase - The embryo does not have any functional organs and relies on a red egg sac to breathe.
The second phase - the toes start to appear.
The third stage - Dental appear. The eggs hatch after an incubation period that lasts about 10 days. After the eggs hatch, the baby came out Platypus hairless is directly attached to the parent. The parent will then nursing her child who was blind and insensitive. Platypus baby will leave the nest after the age of 17 weeks (approximately 4 months through). Platypus reproductive organs resemble birds (Aves). Female platypus has an ovary consisting of the right ovary and left ovary where the ovaries do not grow perfectly right (the same as the bird).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/about-platypus.html
Date Published: February 06 2016 at 08:24
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Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
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Friday 5 February 2016

Worm cylinder.

Worm cylinder.
Scientists using deep sea cameras and sonar follows other high-tech equipment to find that at the bottom of the ocean deep and dark ocean floor creatures living group unique.
Starting from a jellyfish that can emit light, until the cylindrical worm, which lives by consuming oil seeping from the seabed as their food. A total of 17 650 living species in area of ​​seabed that is very dark and cold, were it up to 5 kilometers (about 3 miles), including shrimps, corals, starfish, crabs, and so forth.
Robert Carney of Louisiana State University, chairman of the research team deepwater projects Survey of Ocean International (CoML) told Reuters, "Variations kinds of creatures that live in the deep ocean far beyond our imagination so far, here is no longer a black hole in the simple. "CoML survey project is a project that is planned to be completed by October 2010.

Generally light can penetrate to a depth of 200 meters into the sea, or almost equivalent to the height of the Washington monument that reaches 169 meters, more than it has been regarded as a high-pressure destructive that can not be covered by anything. Outside the area that can be covered by plants that receive the sun light, living creatures can only live in a way to parse the bacteria contained in the methane or oil, or from the bodies of dead sea creatures such as whales bodies to survive.

Among the marine life in this there are jellyfish that can emit light and some kind of creature tangible jelly eight-legged finned or called "the ear great" aka Dumbo, because of the creature using his ears to pack water, like a character from flying elephant Dumbo in movies cartoon.
Mike Vecchione of the Smithsonian said "the big ear" has a length of about 2 meters, which is a large-sized creatures on the seabed, there are also a number of sharks and jellyfish cylindrical. He told Reuters that the cylindrical jellyfish even longer than the blue whale.

When drilling offshore petroleum in the Gulf of Mexico, on the seabed at a depth of 990 meters the scientists found their cylindrical worm. When the robot hand to catch and pull the worm out of the hole the seabed, there is oil that gushed out. It relies living creatures to break down petroleum.

Carney said that the interests of the oil mining companies are conducting a survey to find oil deposits, but the presence of a cylindrical worm can be regarded as a sign. "If it is found the worm cylinder, means near where it no methane or liquid petroleum."
However, Carney also said that a number of scientists "feel upset because it is generally part of the seabed rarely get attention", and scientists are worried about the exploration of natural resources is carried out on the deep sea because humans still do not have sufficient understanding of the creatures living in a very deep part of the sea. What is known about the man living creatures in the deep ocean is very little.
A total of 680 types of specimens of copepods-shelled creatures that have been collected from the southeast Atlantic Ocean there are only 7 of them were recognizable. In addition've also found for the first time a kind of worm Osedax at the poles.

Tangible jelly creatures called "the big ears" or Dumbo. (David Shale)
Although the deep sea floor covered with eternal darkness, a number of living beings can emit their own light, they rely on this light to target the game as well to attract a mate, and they also have eyes that can see. There are also a number of marine creatures that swim on its sunny side up to the part that is very deep, once there are people who find seals at a depth of 2,388 meters.
Climate change is warming world and human activities such as burning fossil fuels also had an impact on the most inside of an ocean. Vecchione said, "There is already evidence to suggest that climate warming has occurred in the deep sea and the water quality becomes acidic."
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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Name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/worm-cylinder.html
Date Published: February 05 2016 at 13:08
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Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
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Tuesday 2 February 2016

About Tardigrada.

Tardigrada can survive in a frozen environment (0 oc) to place a high temperature (151 OC).
Tardigrada (known as Water Bears) are part of the sub-phylum Ecdysozoa. Tardigrada size is very small and live in the water with the feet of eight. Tardigrada first described by Eprhaim Goeze in 1773. Tardigrada name means "slow walker" given by Spallanzani (1777). Tardigrada adult body length is 1.5 mm, the smallest size of 0.1 mm, 0.05 mm sized larvae. Tardigrada can be found in all parts of the world, ranging from Himalayan peaks to the ocean floor, and from the poles to the equator.
The most preferred place in the air-algae. On the beach, land and water can be found in this mini beasts.

The most interesting of these animals is the ability to adapt to extreme environments. Tardigrada can survive in a frozen environment (0 oc) to place a high temperature (151 OC). It can even withstand radiation Rad 570,000, 1,000 times higher than the amount of radiation in which another living thing can survive. Therefore, Tardigrada known as animal polyextremophiles. With these capabilities, Tardigrada a living creature can survive in the event of a nuclear war or other extreme natural disasters. Even Tardigrada can live for 10-100 years in dry conditions, even record Tardigrada survive in dry conditions longest is 120 years old. Unfortunately, after the completion of the estivasi and move the motion for a few minutes, the animal died. Another unique capability of Tardigrada is able to survive in a state space vacuum. In one study in September 2007, Tardigrada can live for as long as 10 days in the space environment. Tardigrada that clicking space using spacecraft FOTON-M3 by the European Space Agency, can survive in a vacuum, exposed to cosmic rays, and can even withstand the sun's UV radiation 1,000 times higher than the radiation on the earth's surface, and this animal also have teeth as sharp as a knife hidden in his mouth shaped tube. In addition, Tardigrada also able to withstand a pressure of 6000 kg / sq cm.

Facts About Tardigrade.

Tardigrades are very small and almost invisible to the eye and Why tardigrades also called water bears? because the body shape looks like bears that live in the water

Tardigrada mouth.
The most persistent creatures on Earth can live in boiling water, solid ice, and radiation of space. It can survive a decade in the desert, without a drop of water, or in the deepest ocean trenches.

A Spacetime Odyssey, Neil deGrasse Tyson introduce you to small animals Tardigrade, or water bears. The small aquatic invertebrates almost invincible, able to tolerate any conditions and temperatures that would kill almost any other living creatures.


So what makes this tardigrade invertebrate animals have enormous power.

1. Tardigrades change shape to survive without water.

When faced with extreme conditions, tardigrades can dry out completely, replacing nearly water in their bodies with a sugar called trehalose. As a result, they were able to survive the environment that would otherwise kill them.


2. Tardigrades very small size to hide from predators.

For all their resilience, tardigrade is one of the smallest creatures in nature. Barely the size of a poppy seed less than 1.5 millimeters in length, tardigrade can exist in sediments and marine hidden, unnoticed by a potential predator.

3. Tardigrades mouth like a sharp dagger.

Though their numbers may be small, they're fierce! Tardigrade mouth is the most serious weapon, as used spear algae or even other small animals.

4 Tardigrades traveling into space - and survived.

To test the endurance of true Tardigrades, a Swedish researcher K. Ingemar Jonsson of Kristianstad University launched tardigrades into space on the spacecraft FOTON-M3 in low Earth orbit in 2007. Affected by the conditions of space, most of the tardigrades survived and survival of exposure vacuum and cosmic rays, with some even life from deadly levels of UV radiation.


5. Tardigrades already exist on almost every other living organisms.

Tardigrades already roamed the earth and the sea long before humans do - and will most likely outlast us. Will tardigrades into final organism in the universe? Only time will tell.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/02/about-tardigrada.html
Date Published: 02 February 2016 at 14:39
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